[Biology Class Notes] on Gestalt Psychology Pdf for EXAM

In order to provide the best Gestalt psychology definition, it can be said that – Gestalt psychology is a school of psychology that originated in Austria and Germany in the early twentieth century as disapproval of Wilhelm Wundt’s and Edward Titchener’s Elementalist as well as structuralist psychology. It is also referred to as gestaltism or configurationalism.

Gestalt Psychology Meaning

What does Gestalt theory mean? The German term Gestalt is described as “pattern” or “configuration” in gestalt psychology meaning. Organisms interpret whole structures or configurations, not just particular elements, according to Gestalt psychologists. The adage “everything that is much more than the sum of its parts” is often used to summarise the viewpoint of gestalt psychology definition. Proximity, resemblance, figure-ground, consistency, completion, and association are Gestalt concepts that govern how humans interpret visuals in relation to various objects and environments.

Gestalt Psychology Founder: Wolfgang Köhler, Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Koffka are the gestalt psychology founder.

The concept of Gestalt psychology can be well understood by the below given example in the form of a picture. 

Origin and History

Gestalt psychology was developed in the early twentieth century by Kurt Koffka (1886–1941), Max Wertheimer (1880–1943), and Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967). Structuralism, as demonstrated by the research of Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920), Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894), and Edward B. Titchener (1867–1927), has been the prevalent view in psychology at the moment.

Structuralism was founded on three strongly linked theories: “atomism,” the belief that all intelligence, including complex abstract concepts, is constructed from basic, elementary constituents; “sensationalism,” the belief that the easiest components, the atoms of perception, are elementary feel impressions; and “sensationalism,” the belief that the basic constituents, the atoms of knowledge, are elementary sense impressions and third being the belief that far more complicated ideas emerge from the association of easier ideas is known as “associationism.” The above three hypotheses, taken collectively, lead to the conclusion that the mind develops all impressions, including abstract thinking, exclusively from lower-level perceptions which are linked solely by their proximity in space and time.

The Gestaltists argued that the objective of psychology should have been to break consciousness apart into ostensibly essential components, a widely held “atomistic” viewpoint. The Gestalt psychologists, on the other hand, argued whether breaking down psychological processes into smaller pieces would not contribute to a greater understanding of psychology.

Gestalt psychologists concluded that seeing psychological experiences as ordered, organized wholes have been the most productive way to interpret them. They claimed that the psychological “whole” takes precedence and that the “bits” are determined by the whole’s structure, not the other way around. It could be seen that the method seemed focused on a macroscopic instead of a microscopic view of psychology.

Human nature tends to perceive objects as a whole instead of the sum of their parts, according to Gestalt theories of perception.

Gestalt Therapy

Gestalt psychology is distinct from Gestalt counselling, which is only tangentially related to Gestalt psychology. Fritz and Laura Perls, the pioneers of Gestalt therapy, collaborated with Kurt Goldstein, a neurologist who adapted Gestalt psychology concepts to the proper functioning of the body.

Laura Perls worked as a Gestalt psychologist until going on to become a psychoanalyst and co-developing Gestalt therapy alongside Fritz Perls. Nevertheless, it’s debatable how much Gestalt psychology affected Gestalt therapy. In either case, it differs from Gestalt psychology. Laura Perls chose not to call the emerging modern therapy “Gestalt” as she believed Gestalt psychologists might object; but on the other hand, Fritz and Laura Perls obviously embraced some of Goldstein’s research. Most Gestalt psychologists emphasized how Gestalt therapy is not really a type of Gestalt, despite the historical relation and impact.

Contributions

Gestalt psychology contributed significantly to the field of psychology. Several facts about perception, such as motion perception, perceptual constancy, contour perception, and perceptual illusions, have been demonstrated empirically and recorded by the Gestaltists. An instance of this kind of contribution is Wertheimer’s discovery of the phi hypothesis. 

Aside from discovering perceptual phenomena, Gestalt psychology has contributed the following: (a) a novel theoretical structure and technique, (b) a collection of perceptual rules, (c) a well-known collection of perceptual grouping laws, (d) a problem-solving theory focused on intuition, and (e) a theory of memory. The subsections that follow go through each of these contributions in detail.

Theoretical Framework and Methodology

Gestalt psychologists followed a gestalt approach of theoretical and methodological guidelines that sought to reshape the way psychological research was conducted. This contrasts with early twentieth-century investigations focused on conventional scientific methods, which separated the object of analysis into a collection of elements that could be studied separately with the aim of minimizing the object’s complexity.

The Theoretical Principles have been Stated Below:

Properties: Emergence, reification, multistability, and invariance are the key concepts of gestalt systems.

Figure-Ground Organization: The perceptual field (what an individual sees and hears) is structured. One form of perceptual organisation is figure-ground organisation. The representation of perceptual elements in means of their shapes and relative positions in the structure of surfaces in the 3-D environment is known as figure-ground organisation.

Pragnanz: Perceptual grouping (also known as perceptual segregation) is a form of perceptual organisation, similar to a figure-ground organisation. Some portions of an organism’s perceptual field seem to “hang together” more closely than others. This knowledge is used to detect objects. The process of determining what these “bits” of the perceptual field are is known as a perceptual grouping.

The rule of Pragnanz states that people remove uncertainty and unfamiliarity when they view the universe, allowing them to see reality in its most basic form. Eliminating unnecessary stimuli aids in the mind’s development of meaning. Perception gives rise to a sense of global regularity, which is often given precedence over spatial relations in the mind.

Legacy

Gestalt psychology has had a difficult time defining words like Prägnanz, making detailed behavioural assumptions, and articulating testable models of fundamental neural mechanisms. It was chastised for being too detailed. These flaws led to increasing discontent with Gestaltism by the mid-twentieth century, as well as a resulting decrease in Gestaltism’s influence on psychology. Instead of this decline, Gestalt psychology often served as the foundation for much more studies into sequence and object perception, as well as behaviour, reasoning, solving problems, and psychopathology.

• Quantum Cognition Modelling: Resemblances among Gestalt phenomena and quantum mechanics were being noted by scientists such as chemist Anton Amann, who stated that although “similarities between quantum mechanics and Gestalt perception are on a parable level,” they can still provide valuable insight.

• Application in Modern Social Psychology: The contribution of Gestalt theories towards social information processing may describe the halo effect. Individual preferences are used to apply constructive concepts of social cognition. They were being viewed in this light, as well as the person who is evaluating them continues to see them in this light.

• Perceptual Psychology and Contemporary Cognitive: A few of the more common criticisms of Gestaltism centre on Gestaltists’ alleged preference for theory over evidence, as well as a shortage of quantitative analysis to back up Gestalt ideas. According to a new collection of quantitative studies on Gestalt perception, that’s not always a valid criticism. Researchers are still putting their theories about the processes that underpin Gestalt concepts like the theory of similarity to the test.

Other major critiques include the absence of definition and justification for several of the gestaltists’ physiological conclusions, as well as the absence of theoretical coherence in contemporary Gestalt psychology.

• Use in Design: Several graphic design areas, including user cartography and interface design, employ gestalt rules. For instance, the rules of resemblance and proximity may be used to direct the placement of radio buttons. They have also been used to make computers and applications more user-friendly. The layout and design of a desktop’s shortcuts in columns and rows are two examples.