[Biology Class Notes] on Klinefelter Syndrome Pdf for EXAM

The Klinefelter syndrome definition says that Klinefelter syndrome is a disorder commonly found in men. This syndrome is caused when a baby of the male sex has taken birth with an excess of X chromosomes needed. It affects physical and mental development in boys and men. The majority of those affected are taller than average. Additionally, the syndrome precludes the individual from having biological children.

In some situations, the condition’s symptoms are so minor that it is not detected until adulthood. The researchers believe that the majority of affected men and boys never receive a diagnosis. Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by decreased muscular tone (hypotonia) and difficulties with coordination. Additionally, it may cause children to walk, sit, and stand slowly. It’s one of the most frequent sex chromosomal abnormalities. The ailments are caused by differences in the number of chromosomes between men and women (the X chromosome and the Y chromosome).

Klinefelter syndrome of the chromosomal abnormalities that can happen when a boy has an extra or additional X chromosome.

Klinefelter Syndrome – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

The following factors can cause Klinefelter syndrome:

• Mosaic Klinefelter syndrome is characterised by the presence of an additional X chromosome in some cells, resulting in fewer symptoms. Usually, this accident takes place in the development of the sperm, while other times, this blunder is the cause of complexities in the formation of the egg. Women who conceive post 35 are said to be at a higher risk of giving birth to a baby ailed with this Klinefelter syndrome.

• More than one extra copy of the X chromosome, which is uncommon and causes a severe version of the disease. This presence of excess X chromosomes within a male occurs when there is an uneven distribution of the genetic material within the egg. The same can also happen within a sperm. Even though this is a genetic disorder, unlike many other genetic disorders, this does not pass down to other family members.

Male sexual development and fertility can be hampered by extra copies of genes on the X chromosome.

Klinefelter Syndrome Karyotype

When you can get a whole picture portraying the person’s chromosomes, that is called Karyotype. If there happens to be any alteration in the Karyotype can result in abnormal behavior within the chromosomes and, therefore, cause Klinefelter syndrome. However, this syndrome is just one of the many other side effects of this change in Karyotype. There are many more peculiarities caused due to the existence of excess X chromosomes within males. For example – Mendelian disorders are another such abnormality. 

Symptoms

Klinefelter syndrome manifests itself in a variety of ways in males. The symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome in many boys are mild. It’s possible that the illness will go undiagnosed or will not be treated until adulthood. Others notice a change in their appearance or growth as a result of the condition. Klinefelter syndrome signs and symptoms differ by age.

Even while looking at a male who is suffering from the Klinefelter syndrome, you may not observe any such symptoms which might distinguish him; some symptoms set them apart. For example-  erratic and sparse distribution of hair all across the body, broad and wider hips, and you may also notice an amplified breast size. The testicles also remain small, and in some, the penis may not see an increase and transition to the adult size.

 

Treatment

There are various treatments available. A few of them are:

1. Testosterone Replacement Therapy. Starting at the typical onset of puberty, testosterone replacement medication can help encourage changes such as a deeper voice, facial and body hair growth, increased muscle development, and sexual desire (libido). Testosterone replacement therapy may also enhance mood and behaviour, as well as bone density and fracture risk. It won’t help infertility.

2. Tissue from the breast is removed. Excess breast tissue can be removed by a plastic surgeon in males who acquire bigger breasts, leaving a more typical-looking chest.

3. Speech and physical therapy are two types of therapy. Boys with Klinefelter syndrome who suffer speech, language, and physical impairment may benefit from these treatments.

4. Evaluation and assistance with education. Some males with Klinefelter syndrome struggle to study and socialise and could benefit from extra help. Consult your child’s teacher, school counsellor, or school nurse to see what kind of assistance is available.

5. Fertility therapy. Most men with Klinefelter syndrome cannot father children because their testicles generate little or no sperm. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) may help some men with low sperm production. ICSI involves extracting sperm from the testis and injecting it directly into the egg.

6. Psychotherapy. Klinefelter syndrome can be difficult during adolescence and early adulthood. Infertility can be challenging for males. A family therapist, counsellor, or psychologist may be able to assist you.

Klinefelter Syndrome Facts

• When a male baby or toddler is suffering from the Klinefelter disorder, unlike the other babies, they take a longer time to learn how to walk, talk, sit, crawl. They are way calmer, quieter than babies should normally be. 

• During the growing up period, they may suffer from phases of doubting their self-esteem and being under-confident. They may be extremely passive and shy and have problems in understanding and comprehending words, which leads to reading, writing, and spelling problems. They could show similar symptoms to that of dyslexia or dyspraxia. 

• In the adolescent period, they may be way taller than usual. They may have extremely long arms, wide hips, poor muscle growth, scanty body hair, an unusually small penis, and testicles and amplified breast size. 

• When they grow into adults, they have poor fertility and are not very sexually active.