[Biology Class Notes] on Plant Growth and Development Pdf for Exam

Definition

Plant growth is a process characterized by the irreversible change in the size of cells and organs that is a result of cell division and enlargement. Plant development is the process of progression from seed germination to maturation. 

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Growth and Development are often used to mean the same thing in discussions in colloquial language. However scientifically speaking, growth and development are two distinctly different events in the organization and formation of a mature plant and its body structures. Plant growth and development are very lengthy and very complicated processes. Both begin at germination and last all through the lifetime of the plant. 

What Do You Mean by Growth and Development?

Development is defined as the process of progressing from an earlier to a later stage in the process of maturation. For example, development occurs when from a fertilized egg of a single cell a fully matured plant is formed. In the process of plant development processes like growth, morphogenesis and differentiation (formation of tissues with specialised and/or specific functions) take place. How a plant develops is determined by the interaction of the inherited genetic material and the environment.

On the other hand growth is defined as the irreversible change in cell size due to cell elongation. It is also used to explain the process of increase in plant organs’ size due to cell division and elongation. Elongation in cells requires change in the elasticity of cell walls along with an increase in the size of vacuoles and/or water content of the vacuole. Growth can be of two types:

Growth is called determinate when an organ or a part of or the whole of the organism stops growing after reaching a certain size. For example, plant leaves and flowers mostly show determinate growth.

Growth is said to be indeterminate when the cells of the organ, part or organism continues to divide indefinitely. Plants as a whole have indeterminate growth.

What are the Processes of Growth and Development in Plants?

Two important processes involved in the growth and development of plants are:

• Differentiation

• Dedifferentiation

Differentiation:

Differentiation is the process by which undifferentiated cells transform into cells with specialised functions and having distinct morphological and physiological characteristics. All cells in the plant body have the same genetic makeup. The only thing separating the cells of different parts or organs from each other in morphology and physiology is the way the cells undergo differentiation. Differentiation happens by overexpressing or expressing or repressing certain genes. The differentiation of the cells is dependent on the location of the cells. For example, cells are placed towards the ground or water source form the root, while the cells exposed to the sun form shoot cells. Root cells do not differentiate into flower cells, and nor do shoot cells transform into root cells.

Dedifferentiation:

Dedifferentiation is the exact opposite of differentiation. In this process, the mature and differentiated cells of the plant are stimulated under specific conditions to divide and become undifferentiated and lose all the specific characteristics it acquired previously. These dedifferentiated cells again differentiate. This is noted when the plant tissues undergo damage. 

Unlike animals, plants show indeterminate growth. As animals grow, when they turn into a fully matured animal they stop growing. When they are growing the different parts of the animal grow until they reach a size which is determined by their genetic make-up. Plants on the other hand never stop growing. They continue to grow all through their lifespan. As young plants grow older, the growth gets restricted to their meristematic tissues. Meristematic tissues are young, actively growing/dividing tissues found at the apexes of the plant.

How the Growth of Tissue Happens while Plants Grow?

The continuous growing patterns of the plant result in the formation of two types of tissues, they are:

• Primary tissue 

• Secondary tissue

The Primary Tissues: 

The primary tissues are involved with apical growth. Example: apical meristems

The Secondary Tissues: 

The tissues involved in the lateral growth of the plant are called the secondary tissues. Example: lateral meristems.

What is Apical Meristem?

Apical meristems are zones of cell division, made up of readily dividing cells, which are responsible for the increase in the height of the plant in both the shoot and root region. It is responsible for growth in the length of the primary plant body. This is because primary tissues develop from primary meristems. Apical meristems have cells rapidly dividing and elongating. Rapid cell elongation is possible due to rapid enlargement of the vacuoles in the primary tissue cells. This results in the stem and roots increase in girth till they reach a maximum size. The maximum size is determined by the elasticity of the cells. After reaching the maximum size, the primary cells do not grow any further. Herbaceous plants only have primary meristems. This is why they only grow in axial length, while their girth doesn’t grow so much in proportion.

However in Woody plants we see that they grow enormous in size as well as in girth. This is because the secondary tissues formed by the lateral meristems provide strength and protection. Secondary tissues develop around the periphery of the roots and shoots of the plant.

What are Plant Growth Regulators?

The plant growth regulators are hormones which control the growth of plants. The plant hormones are small organic molecules with low molecular weight and a wide variety of chemical composition. 

What are the Types of Plant Growth Hormones?

Depending upon the primary trigger or conditions of synthesis, plant growth regulators are classified to be of 2 types:

Healing Plant Growth Promoters:

These plant growth promoters act on the plant when there is stress of some sort. These plant growth promoters are simple organic compounds which are produced in response to wounds and/or stresses. The stresses can be of the biotic origin of the abiotic origin. The biotic stressors include biological agents like animals, insects, pests and so on.  The abiotic stressors include other factors like temperature, moisture and so on.

Growth Promoting Plant Hormones:

These are simple compounds called plant growth promoters. The plant growth regulators have diversified chemical properties and constitution. These PGRs help in the growth of plants. Examples of plant growth promoters include auxins and cytokines.