[Biology Class Notes] on Vaccination Pdf for Exam

The process of administering a vaccine to protect the immune system from diseases is termed vaccination. The main function of vaccines is to provide protection by recognizing the pathogens like viruses or bacteria and fighting the pathogens. The life-threatening diseases include measles, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, meningitis, influenza, tetanus, typhoid, and cervical cancer.  The vaccine is the material that is used for immunization.

 

The vaccine is prepared from microbes that are weak or dead and it has similar items of a microorganism that causes the disease by using one of its surface proteins or its toxins. The vaccine helps to stimulate the immune system and identify the foreign bodies to destroy it. The first vaccine to be discovered was the Smallpox vaccine.

 

Importance of Vaccination

Vaccination is required and vaccines are recommended for infants, children, teenagers, and adults. There are proper schedules made for vaccination according to age.

 

Vaccines are especially important for young children and older adults as they are at-risk populations. This plays a major role in decreasing the rate of mortality during the break of any pandemic disease or infection.

 

Importance of Vaccination for Children

Vaccination protects children from serious illness and complications of vaccine-preventable diseases like amputation of an arm or leg, paralysis of limbs, hearing loss, convulsions, brain damage, and death.

 

Vaccination should be given to children as they have a high chance of spreading it to other children who are too young to resist any infections as they have developing immune systems.

 

Vaccinations start from an early age which are called booster doses that are given within a year to prevent any unwanted diseases which affect the growth and body functioning of the newborns.

 

How do Vaccines Work?

The human body has several anti-infection defence systems (disease-causing organisms). The skin, mucus, and cilia (microscopic hairs that carry material away from the lungs) all serve as physical barriers to keep pathogens out.

When a virus penetrates our bodies, our immune systems are engaged, and the infection is battled, eradicated, or defeated.

Vaccines include weakened or inactive components of a certain organism (antigen) that trigger an immunological response in the body. Newer immunizations include the blueprint for producing antigens rather than the antigen itself.

This weaker form will not cause illness in the individual getting the vaccination, whether the vaccine is made up of the antigen itself or the blueprint for the body to create the antigen, but it will induce their immune system to react similarly to how it would in the presence of the pathogen.

Some vaccinations require many doses spaced weeks or months apart. This is sometimes necessary to allow memory cells to form and long-lasting antibodies to be produced. The body is trained to fight a specific disease-causing organism, and the pathogen’s memory is built up so that it may be rapidly combated in the future if and when it is exposed.

 

What is Immunization?

The process in which a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease is done by introducing a vaccine into the body. This prepares the body to fight against any foreign bodies which have invaded the body.

 

Immunization plays an important role in controlling and eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases. This plays an important role in eradicating a disease as it is proven to be the most cost-effective health investment and is accessible to the most remote areas.

 

Types of Immunization

The different kinds of immunization are:

Adult Immunization

Immunization is important even for adults as vaccination depends on factors such as age, health conditions, travel plans and personal vaccination records. Adults can be vaccinated for a range of diseases like swine flu, typhoid, hepatitis, tetanus, and pneumonia. People over 50 years are more susceptible to infections and hence they require vaccinations.

 

Travel Immunization

It is a good practice to take vaccination while travelling to certain countries. If a country has a disease or illness prevalent and if few conditions match with the place of living, it is a good idea to get vaccinated before travelling to that place.

 

Importance of Immunization

• Immunization plays an important role in protecting the lives of the community.

• It helps in eradicating diseases in a country and this reduces mortality.

• It is even cost-effective when compared to the cost of treatment for the diseases.

 

Efficiency of Vaccines

There is no perfect medication to treat any disease, but vaccines are proven to develop and safeguard immunity for about 90-100% of cases. Certain procedures are performed for allowing it to be used in clinical trials only. Once it is finished, the vaccine should be approved by the FDA for the safe intended use. As the vaccines are prepared with utmost precision, the ratio of lives being saved is high.

 

Types of Vaccines

There are various types of vaccines:

Live Attenuated Vaccines

These are produced by altering a disease-producing virus or bacteria in a laboratory. This altered vaccine organism replicates itself and provides immunity to the organism on which it is applied.

 

Inactivated Vaccines

These contain either the whole bacteria or virus or fractions of both.  The vaccines are either protein-based or polysaccharide-based. The protein-based vaccines consist of toxoids and subunit or subvirion products. The polysaccharide-based vaccines are composed of pure cell wall polysaccharides from bacteria.

 

Polysaccharide Vaccines

These are a unique type of inactivated subunit vaccine which has long chains of sugar molecules that make up the surface capsule of certain bacteria. These vaccines are available in pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, and Salmonella Typhi.

 

Recombinant Vaccines

The vaccine antigens which are produced by genetic engineering technology are termed recombinant vaccines.

 

Vaccination For Various Ailments

Vaccines enable your immune system to make antibodies in the same way that it does when you’re exposed to a disease. Vaccines, on the other hand, do not cause illness or put you in danger of problems since they only include dead or weakened versions of pathogens like viruses or bacteria.

Vaccines Protect from a Wide Range of Illnesses including:

• Cervical cancer

• Cholera

• Diphtheria

• Hepatitis B

• Influenza

• Japanese encephalitis

• Measles

• Meningitis

• Mumps

• Pertussis

• Pneumonia

• Polio

• Rabies

• Rotavirus

• Rubella

• Tetanus

• Typhoid

• Varicella

• Yellow fever

Other vaccinations, such as those that protect against Ebola or malaria, are now under development or being tested, but they are not yet readily available internationally.

In your country, not all of these immunizations may be required. Some may be administered exclusively before travel, in high-risk places, or to those in high-risk vocations.

History of Vaccination

People have been inoculated in China and elsewhere, before being imitated in the west, by using smallpox, called variolation, before the first immunizations, in the sense of using cowpox to inoculate people against smallpox. During the 10th century, the use of variolation for smallpox in China was first mentioned.

Edward Jenner, a doctor in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England, tested the notion that a person who had cowpox would be resistant to smallpox in 1796. To test the notion, he infected an eight-year-old kid called James Phipps with cowpox vesicles from a milkmaid named Sarah Nelmes, then injected the youngster with smallpox two months later, and smallpox did not develop. Jenner’s An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, published in 1798, sparked great attention. 

He differentiated between ‘genuine’ and’ spurious’ cowpox (which did not give the desired effect). He devised an “arm-to-arm” mechanism for disseminating the vaccine from the pustules of a vaccinated person. Early attempts at confirmation were hampered by smallpox contamination, but his report was translated into six languages by 1801 and over 100,000 individuals were vaccinated, amid debate within the medical community and religious resistance to the use of animal material. In his work Some remarks on vaccination, published in 1800, surgeon Richard Dunning invented the word vaccination.