Category: Class Notes PPT

[PDF Notes] What are the use of Ammonium nitrate as explosive?

The ammonium nitrate is the substance more commonly attached to agriculture, but today, it has become an object of terrors. It is how confirmed that ammonium nitrate, as widely used fertilizer was in used various serial blasts such as in Bangalore, Ahmadabad etc.

Each bomb used in serial blast weight approximately 6 kg which comprised of ammonium nitrate engine oil, gelatin sticks, pebbles, nuts and bolts. This was also connected to an embedded chip which acted as a timer device and helped to detonate the bomb.

The chemical compound ammonium nitrate with a chemical formula NH4N03, is a white powder at room temperature and standard pressure. It is commonly used in agriculture as a high nitrogen fertilizer but unfortunately being used as an oxidizing agent in explosives including improvised explosive devices.

However, the use of ammonium nitrate is not new in terror operations as the attack in Oklahoma city USA in 1996 and the Bali in Indonesia bombing of October 2002 involved the used of ammonium nitrate. This ammonium nitrate is converted into a powerful explosive when it is mixed with fuel as was done in the serial blasts in Bangalore and

Ahmadabad. The ammonium nitrate produces gas in quick time and as a gas expands and causes an explosion. Ammonium nitrate also acts as an accelerant which speeds up the rate at which the fuel burns producing a hug explosion.

This ammonium nitrate is extensively being used by terrorists because it is easily available in the market. The transportation of ammonium nitrate also would not raised suspicion unlike RDX as the chemical is not banned substance. Terrorists in India also used Neogel-90 for serial blasts. Which is used in quarrying activities is easily available in the mining sector. But, following the Hyderabad and Manipur blasts curbs have been placed on the supply of Neogel – 90. Hence the terrorists have decided to use ammonium nitrate.

Paragraph on “Fungi” complete paragraph for Class 9, Class 10, Class 11 and Class 12

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Fungi

Fungi also belong to the family of plants except that they do not have the green pigment called Chlorophyll nor do their cell walls have cellulose. They have thin thread like fungal fibres called Mycelium which are hidden under the surface where they are growing. Fungi do not reproduce with the help of seeds, they use spores. Since fungi cannot rely upon sunlight, because of the lack of chlorophyll, to produce their food, they rely upon other matter like decaying plants etc around them for this purpose. Fungus is often misunderstood to be toadstools which is incorrect because toadstools, puffballs etc are only the bodies which produce spores.

Most fungi produce large fruiting bodies like mushrooms, puffballs, cup and jelly fungi etc while others are the simpler ones which are in the shape of moulds and parasites. There are a large number of uses for Fungi, some of them are edible and there are others which are used for medicinal purposes. The edible variety include giant puffballs, morels, field mushrooms, shaggy ink caps, blushers, parasol mushrooms etc. It is necessary to identify the correct ones because there are certain varieties which are poisonous and can harm the eater by causing illness and subsequent death. As an example a Panther cap which is poisonous may look quite like a blusher. One should therefore never eat a mushroom which cannot be positively identified. Even in the edible type there are many which should not be eaten raw, they must be cleaned and cooked before consumption.

In the family of Fungi there are various moulds which are used for medicinal purposes. The mould Penicillium is the most popular and it was first discovered by Alexander Fleming who used it to make Penicillin. There are other varieties as well, like yeasts, which are used for making alcohol and used for making bread dough rise.

September 28, 2017 , , ,

[PDF Notes] What is tabulation ?

 

The systematic and orderly arrangement of facts and figures in columns and rows is called tabulation. The horizontal arrangements are called rows and the vertical arrangements are called columns. The followings are the different parts of a statistical table;

(a) Each table is provided with an identification number called table number.

(b) A suitable title to the table is given.

(c) A head note is given below the table.

(d) Bach heading assigned to columns are called captions and heading attached to rows are called stub.

(e) Each table must have a body of the table and a footnote.

[PDF Notes] What are the main provisions of the Indian Independence Act of 1947?

The growing communalism among the Muslims led to a two-nation theory. The Hindu-Muslim unity which had lasted for some time in the colonial India shattered into pieces. The process was furthered due to the British sympathy-towards the Muslims. The Congress always succumbed to the pressure of the Muslim League which made them firm on their demand for Pakistan.

Further, the August Offer of 1940, the Cripps Mission of 1942, the Wavell Plan of 1945 and the Cabinet Mission of 1946 contributed a lot for the partition of India. At last, the Mountbatten Plan and Indian Independence Act of 1947 led to the final partition of India.

The main provisions of the Indian Independence Act of 1947 were as follows:

1. On 15th August 1947, after the partition of India, two independent kingdoms. India and Pakistan would be established.

2. Eastern Bengal, Western Punjab, Sindh and North-West Frontier Province would be included in Pakistan.

3. It was not obligatory on the part of both the nations to accept the membership of the British Commonwealth of Nations. The choice was left to India and Pakistan.

4. The title Kaiser-i-Hind awarded to the British Crown would be abolished and the post of the
Secretary of States for India would come to an end.

5. Before the framing of new Constitutions in India and Pakistan, both the countries would be governed under the Government of India Act.1953.

6. The native rulers were given the choice to join any State they liked.

7. Those who had joined the civil service before 15th August, 1947 would continue in that service after independence. They would enjoy the same privileges and rights relating the remuneration, leave, pension etc.

Accordingly, Mohammed Ali Jinnah became the Governor General of Pakistan on 15th August, 1947. From the Red Fort in Delhi, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru delivered his ‘Tryst with Destiny’ speech on 15th August, 1947 as the clock struck 12 and India became independent of the British rule.

[PDF Notes] Notes on the important functions and sources of Iodine [Latest]

Iodine is a constituent of the thyroid gland which controls the rate at which energy is used up in the body. It is present in the body in minute amounts about 15 to 23 mg. It is ingested in foods as inorganic iodides and as organic compound.

Functions

Apart from controlling the rate of energy utilization in the body, iodine is essential for synthesis of the thyroid hormones, thyroxin. Thyroxin regulates the rate of oxidation within the cells thereby stimulating physical and mental growth, functioning of nerve and muscle tissue, circulation of blood and metabolism of all nutrients.

Sources

Both foods and water provide iodine in the human diet. The amount present in the water varies from one area to another, and tends to parallel the iodine content of the soil. People living in coastal areas and eating sea fish ingest enough iodine for their needs. In hilly areas, where there is deficiency of iodine in food and drinking water, iodisation of salt is the only technique available to make good of this deficiency. Sea fish, Oysters, sea­weeds and vegetables grown on soils containing iodine are the richest dietary sources.

Daily allowance

Iodine requirements of adults are about 0.2 mg. daily.

Deficiency

If sufficient iodine is not taken on the diet, enlargement of the thyroid gland takes place resulting in a disease called goiter. Subnormal basal metabolism, sometimes associated with over weight, lowered mental ability, nervousness and sluggish movements are symptoms of iodine deficiency.

[PDF Notes] 571 Words Short Essay on the constitution of India

India became free on August 15th, 1947 from British rule. The Constituent Assembly of free India met after independence for 18 months and drafted a new Constitution for the country.

Many prominent politicians, freedom fighters and jurists participated in drafting the Constitution. The Constituent Assembly was presided over by Mr. Sachidanand Sinha. The main principles of the Constitution were proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru who was the greatest politician of those days. The principles suggested by him were based on democratic and secular ideals.

The Constitution resolved to secure for the citizen justice-social, economic and political, freedom of thought and expression, freedom of religion and movement, dignity of the individual and the unity of the national According to the constitution which came into force on January 26th, 1951, India is a secular State. It recognises equality of citizens and disallows discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex. It gives a long list of human rights.

It guarantees to all citizens freedom, equality and other rights relating to property, s culture, education and religion. The Constitution provides a Federal Government at the centre and autonomous States and Union Territories. The Federal structure emphasises the unifying elements in the Indian nation while providing for diverse cultures and tastes of various communities, states and regions.

The democratic system is provided through the right to vote. The Government is government of the people, for the people and by the people. All adult citizens have the right to vote.

The Constitution provides for the Cabinet form of democracy. At the head of the Union Government is the President indirectly elected for 5 years by an electoral college. This Electoral College consists of elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the Legislative Assemblies of the States.

The Vice President is elected by the members of both Houses of Parliament in a joint meeting. The real power lies in the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. The Council of Ministers is answerable to the Lok Sabha which is the Lower House of the Parliament.

The Parliament consists of two Houses-the Rajya Sabha (the Council of States) and Lok Sabha (the House of the people). There are over 500 members in the Lok Sabha and about 250 members in the Rajya Sabha. The system of government in the States in similar to that at the Centre.

In the States the Governor is the constitutional head while a Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister is in charge of the administration. Some States have two legislative bodies while others only one. The Legislative Assembly of a State is elected on the basis of the vote of every adult.

India also has an independent judicial system. At the head is the Supreme Court which has a Chief Justice and 13 Judges. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in the country. In the States are located High Courts which are under the administrative control of the Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President on the recommendations of the Prime Minister.

The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President after consulting the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the State. Each State is divided into a number of districts, each under a principal civil court presided by a District Judge. District Judges are appointed by the Governor in consultation with the High Court.