Philosophical Methods Multiple Choice Questions
1. ——————- is a vital instrument for the growth and development of knowledge.
A. superstition
B. false belief
C. barren hypothesis
D. methodology
Answer: D. methodology
2. Our beliefs may be substantiated by some objective standards and they should not be guided solely by subjective considerations. This shows the necessity of ——————–
A. subjectivism
B. skepticism
C. methods
D. dogmatism
Answer: C. methods
3. The study of methods is called
A. mysticism
B. monadology
C. methodology
D. mythology
Answer: C. methodology
4. Procedures and techniques by which the establishment of the validity of previous knowledge and the attainment of new knowledge is possible, is called
A. empiricism
B. rationalism
C. methodology
D. positivism
Answer: C. methodology
5. Procedures and techniques which have been devised to aid us in extending our knowledge is called
A. dogmatism
B. skepticism
C. agnosticism
D. methodology
Answer: D. methodology
6. —————-is the author of the book An Essay on Philosophical Method
A. bertrand russell
B. ludwig wittgenstein
C. collingwood
D. montague
Answer: C. collingwood
7. The source of the methodology of arts was
A. socrates
B. aristotle
C. a.j.ayer
D. descartes
Answer: A. socrates
8. The Problem of Knowledge was written by
A. aristotle
B. plato
C. a.j.ayer
D. collingwood
Answer: C. a.j.ayer
9. “It is by it’s methods rather than it’s subject matter that philosophy is to be distinguished from other arts or sciences”. This is a statement by
A. plato
B. aristotle
C. collingwood
D. a.j.ayer
Answer: D. a.j.ayer
10. With the help of method we come to a —————.
A. theory
B. belief
C. guess
D. conjencture
Answer: A. theory
11. A theory is a conclusion, whereas a method is a——————.
A. syllogism
B. procedure
C. style
D. manner
Answer: B. procedure
12. Style means
A. a manner of expression characteristic of a particular philosopher or individual.
B. a philosophical method
C. a demonstrative method
D. a procedure used for studying the phenomena of the objective world.
Answer: A. a manner of expression characteristic of a particular philosopher or individual.
13. Philosophical method is
A. demonstrative
B. skeptical
C. contemplative
D. distructive
Answer: A. demonstrative
14. For idealists, method is
A. objectively established
B. established for the sake of convenience
C. a set of principles which is arbitrarily established by human reason for convenience in knowing.
D. a procedure used for studying phenomena of the objective world.
Answer: C. a set of principles which is arbitrarily established by human reason for convenience in knowing.
15. The Marxists present method as
A. arbitrarily established, everyone having his own method.
B. a procedure used for studying the phenomena of the objective world.
C. a purely subjective category
D. a person’s style of doing something
Answer: B. a procedure used for studying the phenomena of the objective world.
16. Philosophical methods are
A. methods of empirical sciences
B. methods of empirical psychology
C. methods of rational inquiry
D. methods of objective world
Answer: C. methods of rational inquiry
17. ——————take “philosophical method as the method of determining the meaning of ideas and of clarifying them”.
A. rationalists
B. empiricists
C. idealists
D. pragmatists
Answer: D. pragmatists
18. According to pragmatists, the two ends of philosophical method are,
A. first, verification of hypothesis and second, proof of hypothesis
B. first, determination of meaning and second, verification of ideas
C. first, formulation of hypothesis and second, deduction and verification of hypothesis
D. none of the above
Answer: B. first, determination of meaning and second, verification of ideas
19. Philosophical method ‘as a method of settling philosophical disputes‘ is the view of
A. descartes
B. william james
C. aristotle
D. socrates
Answer: B. william james
20. Science is rational, philosophy is
A. more rational, speculative also
B. irrational and skeptical
C. irrational and dogmatic
D. skeptical and dogmatic
Answer: A. more rational, speculative also
21. Socrates and Plato took philosophical method as a method of
A. settling philosophical disputes
B. determination of meaning
C. clarification of language
D. knowing
Answer: D. knowing
22. According to Aristotle, the aim of philosophical method is
A. to investigate meaning aspect of language
B. to inquire into the of structure of language
C. the attainment of truth
D. to inquire into the a-priori aspect of knowledge
Answer: C. the attainment of truth
23. With the help of method we come to a
A. pattern
B. theory
C. style
D. syllogism
Answer: B. theory
24. A theory is a —————–, whereas a method is a procedure or way.
A. conclusion
B. premise
C. syllogism
D. style
Answer: A. conclusion
25. Manner of thinking or procedure of thinking over some problem is called
A. syllogism
B. theory
C. style
D. art
Answer: C. style
26. Chintana prakriya means
A. a manner of thinking or procedure of thinking over some problem
B. a manner of expression characteristic of a particular philosopher or individual
C. an account of a group of facts or phenomena
D. an account of the procedures to be followed in a scientific investigation
Answer: A. a manner of thinking or procedure of thinking over some problem
27. Style means
A. an account of the procedures to be followed in a scientific investigation.
B. an account of a group of facts or phenomena
C. a manner of thinking or procedure of thinking over some problem
D. a manner of expression characteristic of a particular philosopher or individual
Answer: D. a manner of expression characteristic of a particular philosopher or individual
28. An argument expressed or claimed to be expressible in the form of two propositions called the premises , containing a common or middle term , with a third proposition called the conclusion resulting necessarily from the other two, is called
A. method
B. style
C. syllogism
D. theory
Answer: C. syllogism
29. According to Wittgenstein, syllogism is
A. a philosophical method
B. a demonstrative method
C. style
D. theory
Answer: B. a demonstrative method
30. Art is concerned with practice, while method is a process of
A. skill
B. action
C. application
D. thinking
Answer: D. thinking
31. A person’s style of doing is called
A. method
B. syllogism
C. pattern
D. manner
Answer: D. manner
32. —————–is a mode of action
A. philosophical method
B. procedure
C. syllogism
D. theory
Answer: B. procedure
33. Logico-mathematical method is called
A. demonstrative method
B. pure philosophical method
C. scientific method
D. hypothetical method
Answer: B. pure philosophical method
34. ———————is an example of pure philosophical method
A. mystical method
B. analogical method
C. etymological method
D. phenomenological
Answer: D. phenomenological
35. “A philosophical system claims uniformity of method, but a truly philosophical spirit will rather aim at flexibility”. This statement is by
A. descartes
B. socrates
C. collingwood
D. wittgenstein
Answer: C. collingwood
36. ————–considered as the starting points of mathematical method.
A. propositions
B. axioms
C. theorems
D. laws
Answer: B. axioms
37. Spinoza’s method is known as
A. axiomatic
B. mathematical
C. theoretical
D. geometrical
Answer: D. geometrical
38. What is the name of book in which Descartes stated his four rules of method?
A. discourse on the method
B. the method
C. ethics
D. on ideas
Answer: A. discourse on the method
39. Descartes considered ———–and ———–as the two criteria of true knowledge.
A. purity and clearness
B. clearness and distinctiveness
C. clearness and truthfulness
D. distinctiveness and purity
Answer: B. clearness and distinctiveness
40. Descartes himself refuted ————- as a philosophical method.
A. induction
B. deduction
C. syllogism
D. intuition
Answer: C. syllogism
41. Immanuel Kant’s method is known as
A. transcendental
B. mathematical
C. geometrical
D. intuitive
Answer: A. transcendental
42. The term ‘a priori’ means
A. empirical
B. a posteriori
C. after experience
D. before experience
Answer: D. before experience
43. “———————————” constitutes a definite and self-evident starting point for the Cartesian philosophy.
A. a priori
B. self-evident principles
C. cogito ergo sum
D. ergo cogito
Answer: C. cogito ergo sum
44. Descartes says that when deduction is ’complex and involved’ it may be termed ——-
A. enumeration
B. complex deduction
C. association
D. complex intuition
Answer: A. enumeration
45. According to Kant dogmatism has two forms viz. rationalism and ————–.
A. intuitionalism
B. empiricism
C. scepticism
D. solipsism
Answer: B. empiricism
46. To attain certainty and clarity in philosophy many philosophers recommended
A. mathematical method
B. synthetic method
C. enumeration
D. intuitive method
Answer: A. mathematical method
47. The method which employs a long series of definitions, postulates, axioms, theorems and problems.
A. mathematical method
B. synthetic method
C. enumeration
D. intuitive method
Answer: B. synthetic method
48. In the mathematical method we deduce other principles and propositions from ——–
A. enumeration
B. complex deduction
C. association
D. axioms
Answer: D. axioms
49. Mathematics is a body of certain and——————————– truths.
A. self-evident
B. mathematical
C. theoretical
D. geometrical
Answer: A. self-evident
50. Who gave primacy to intuition?
A. hume
B. locke
C. russell
D. descartes
Answer: D. descartes
51. Who wrote ‘The Rules for the Direction of Mind’?
A. spinoza
B. leibnitz
C. russell
D. descartes
Answer: D. descartes
52. The doubt of Descartes should not be confused with ———————————.
A. intuitionalism
B. empiricism
C. scepticism
D. solipsism
Answer: C. scepticism
53. Logical doubt of Descartes depends on
A. mind
B. intellect
C. will
D. consciousness
Answer: C. will
54. The thing which will resist the doubt will constitute an ——————————-certainty.
A. self-evident
B. indubitable
C. theoretical
D. geometrical
Answer: B. indubitable
55. Hume says that all knowledge derived from
A. propositions
B. axioms
C. theorems
D. impressions
Answer: D. impressions
56. Berkeley argues that all knowledge derived from
A. impressions
B. ideas
C. theorems
D. laws
Answer: B. ideas
57. Kant observed that, contradictory dogmatic philosophies inevitably lead to
A. intuitionalism
B. empiricism
C. scepticism
D. solipsism
Answer: C. scepticism
58. Kant believed that Hume’s ——————————-undermined the sciences.
A. intuitionalism
B. empiricism
C. scepticism
D. solipsism
Answer: C. scepticism
59. Hobbs and Descartes professed—————————————-method
A. transcendental
B. mathematical
C. geometrical
D. intuitive
Answer: B. mathematical
60. Bacon accepted the ————- method of natural sciences.
A. transcendental
B. mathematical
C. inductive
D. intuitive
Answer: C. inductive
61. Kant called his critical method by the name of —————————method also
A. transcendental
B. mathematical
C. inductive
D. intuitive
Answer: A. transcendental
62. Kant writes metaphorically— ———————-is a resting place for reason.
A. intuitionalism
B. empiricism
C. scepticism
D. solipsism
Answer: C. scepticism
63. According to Kant scepticism cannot be a —————————method of philosophy.
A. transcendental
B. rational
C. inductive
D. intuitive
Answer: B. rational
64. With the help of his Transcendental method Kant distinguished between the
‘matter’ and the ———————————————————–forms of knowledge.
A. empirical
B. rational
C. a priori
D. inductive
Answer: C. a priori
65. Kant’s method guided the reason to
A. realisation
B. knowledge
C. truth
D. self contemplation
Answer: D. self contemplation
66. Some thinkers observe that Kant’s ‘Transcendental method’ lacks intellectual dynamism and it holds only
A. psychological dynamism
B. conceptual dynamism
C. theoretical dynamism
D. intuitive dynamism
Answer: A. psychological dynamism
67. Many scholars observe ———————————-is a result of the application of Kant’s critical method.
A. antagonism
B. agnosticism
C. scepticism
D. solipsism
Answer: B. agnosticism
68. Space and time, and the categories of understanding are treated as the——————– of knowledge by Kant
A. presuppositions
B. fundamentals
C. principles
D. impressions
Answer: A. presuppositions
69. For Kant the terms ‘a priori’ and ——————–have one and the same meaning.
A. empirical
B. rational
C. non-empirical
D. inductive
Answer: C. non-empirical
70. Kant’s claim to have devised a new technique of philosophical inquiry which is
A. direct
B. explicit
C. implicit
D. short
Answer: C. implicit
71. Who used dialectics as an instrument for winning disputes?
A. sophist
B. plato
C. socrates
D. hegel
Answer: A. sophist
72. The first to introduce the method of dialectics is:
A. socrates
B. plato
C. sophists
D. marx
Answer: C. sophists
73. The Greek word ‘dialektos’ means:
A. conversation
B. argument
C. Answer:
D. none of the above
Answer: A. conversation
74. The conversational method of Socrates took the form of …….
A. sceptic
B. doubt
C. dialectic
D. none of the above
Answer: C. dialectic
75. The two operative terms for the possibility and development of ideas under the method of dialogue.
A. consensus and contradiction
B. conversation and contradiction
C. dialogue and dialectics
D. none of the above.
Answer: A. consensus and contradiction
76. The work ‘Theatetus’ is attributed to:
A. protagoras
B. plato
C. descartes
D. socrates
Answer: B. plato
77. The problem of universals was first introduced into philosophy by
A. aquinas
B. aristotle
C. plato
D. berkeley
Answer: C. plato
78. In the …….. Plato seeks the definition of Courage
A. theaetetus
B. charmides
C. meno
D. laches
Answer: D. laches
79. Who takes dialectics as an argumentative process?
A. socrates
B. plato
C. aristotle
D. zeno
Answer: C. aristotle
80. For ——-everything was continually changing into its opposite.
A. zeno
B. heraclitus
C. parmenides
D. thales
Answer: B. heraclitus
81. Which among the following is the feature of dialectics?
A. consensus and contradiction
B. conversation or question and answer form
C. dynamicity or movement
D. all of the above
Answer: D. all of the above
82. A method for understanding reality by the triadic movement from thesis to antithesis to synthesis
A. analytical
B. mathematical
C. dialectical
D. phenomenological
Answer: C. dialectical
83. Whose method is known as art of intellectual midwifery?
A. socrates
B. plato
C. aristotle
D. kant
Answer: A. socrates
84. To bring to light on knowledge which the mind already possesses is known as:
A. intellectual midwifery
B. socratic irony
C. material dialectics
D. absolute idealism
Answer: A. intellectual midwifery
85. Which are the characteristics of Socratic dialectic?
A. conversational, conceptual
B. contradiction, methodological doubt
C. critical, inductive and deductive
D. all of the above
Answer: D. all of the above
86. Whose method is the synthesis of opposites?
A. kant
B. hegel
C. both kant and hegel
D. neither kant nor hegel
Answer: B. hegel
87. Who is the author of the book Critique of Pure Reason?
A. descartes
B. hume
C. berkeley
D. immanuel kant
Answer: D. immanuel kant
88. Who draws limits to the extent of knowledge?
A. kant
B. hegel
C. descartes
D. marx
Answer: A. kant
89. For—–, dialectic is the process of the logical development of thought and reality through thesis and antithesis into a synthesis.
A. kant
B. hegel
C. plato
D. zeno
Answer: B. hegel
90. There is the final movement in which the spirit reduces Nature to the inwardness, which the spirit itself is. Only at this stage the spirit rises to self consciousness in man. According to Hegel spirit rises to self consciousness in man. According to Hegel this stage is —–
A. thesis
B. antithesis
C. synthesis
D. none
Answer: C. synthesis
91. The key motion of Hegel is ——
A. the world
B. idea
C. geist
D. none of these.
Answer: C. geist
92. For Hegel, Idea means
A. concrete particular
B. concrete universal
C. abstract particular
D. abstract universal
Answer: B. concrete universal
93. According to the Absolute Idealism of Hegel.
A. there is only one reality
B. reality is relative
C. there are many realities
D. none of the above
Answer: A. there is only one reality
94. ——, in Hegel’s dialectic, means to resolve into a higher unity or to bring into the wholeness that which is fragmentary.
A. sublation
B. geist
C. thesis
D. anti-thesis
Answer: A. sublation
95. ….. is the author of an all-embracing system of dialectical idealism
A. hegel
B. kant
C. hume
D. none of these
Answer: A. hegel
96. According to Hegel, there are three stages in the logical development of spirit: subjective mind, objective mind and ……
A. absolute god
B. absolute mind
C. absolute spirit
D. absolute idea
Answer: C. absolute spirit
97. —- method, which is the proper method of philosophy, according to Hegel, is determined by the subject matter of philosophy itself.
A. the synthetically
B. the analytical
C. the dialectical
D. the geometrical
Answer: C. the dialectical
98. According to ……., real is rational and rational is real
A. russell
B. wittgenstein
C. husserl
D. hegel
Answer: D. hegel
99. Who introduced triad of thesis, antithesis and synthesis into German philosophy for the first time?
A. hegel
B. kant
C. pierce
D. fichte
Answer: D. fichte
100. Who criticizes the Hegelian concept of dialectical triad and says that dialectic does not necessarily involve the identity of opposites?
A. bradley
B. carnap
C. descartes
D. kant
Answer: A. bradley
101. The book Phenomenology of Spirit is authored by:
A. russell
B. descartes
C. hegel
D. spinoza
Answer: C. hegel
102. Marx discovered the rational kernel with Hegel’s mystical shell by turning it right side up and placed it, on a —– foundation.
A. idealistic
B. materialistic
C. rationalistic
D. empiricist
Answer: B. materialistic
103. The book ‘Poverty of Philosophy is written by:
A. marx
B. hegel
C. descartes
D. spinoza
Answer: A. marx
104. Marx method of dialectics is known as
A. idealistic
B. materialistic
C. spiritualistic
D. sceptic
Answer: B. materialistic
105. For—–, the dialectical movement in thought is derived from the actual movement of the real world.
A. kant
B. hegel
C. marx
D. plato
Answer: C. marx
106. Any monistic metaphysical theory which holds that ultimate reality is matter and that all seemingly nonmaterial things such as minds and thoughts are reducible to the motions of particles of matter.
A. subjective idealism
B. objective idealism
C. materialism
D. dualism
Answer: C. materialism
107. ———–is the basis of Marxian dialectics
A. negation
B. contradiction
C. spirit
D. conversation
Answer: A. negation
108. How many triads in Marxian dialectics
A. none
B. one
C. two
D. many
Answer: B. one
109. Who recognizes the significance of identity in every moment of contradiction?
A. hegel
B. kant
C. descartes
D. all of these
Answer: A. hegel
110. ——– claims that the knowing subject or self is ultimate reality.
A. subjective idealism
B. objective idealism
C. materialism
D. dialectics
Answer: A. subjective idealism
111. According to Russell—- is an immediate, specific content of sensation
A. sense data
B. proposition
C. statement
D. denotation
Answer: A. sense data
112. Vicious Circle Principle is related to —–
A. a j ayer
B. quine
C. russell
D. husserl
Answer: C. russell
113. Which of the following is the example of indefinite description?
A. france
B. a man
C. the president of india
D. the author of republic
Answer: B. a man
114. Definite descriptions begin with the definite articles as ——
A. tree
B. a table
C. an orange
D. the table
Answer: D. the table
115. In which work Russell’s theory of description found
A. on denoting
B. principia
C. mathematica
D. ethica
Answer: A. on denoting
116. Russell is a——-Philosopher
A. german
B. greek
C. french
D. british
Answer: D. british
117. Who wrote A History of Western Philosophy?
A. russell
B. kant
C. hume
D. aristotle
Answer: A. russell
118. In 1950 ——— received the Nobel Prize for Literature
A. sartre
B. hume
C. russell
D. none of the above
Answer: C. russell
119. Russell who belonged to ——–society
A. german
B. frankfurt
C. fabian
D. marxian
Answer: C. fabian
120. Russell was against the———dominant in England
A. subjective idealism
B. absolute idealism
C. skepticism
D. agnosticism
Answer: B. absolute idealism
121. The technique of reduction of Mathematics to logic was first by———
A. russell
B. husserl
C. kant
D. wittgenstein
Answer: A. russell
122. Principia Mathematica is the work of ——-
A. kant
B. hegel
C. berkeley
D. russell and whitehead
Answer: D. russell and whitehead
123. Complex propositions can be resolved into their simple components by Russell is called ——–
A. statements
B. arguments
C. logical language
D. concept
Answer: C. logical language
124. Logical Atomism is the philosophy of ——-
A. whitehead
B. russell
C. g e moore
D. hume
Answer: B. russell
125. Who visited Russia and expressed his disappointment with the form of Socialism practiced there?
A. russell
B. locke
C. a j ayer
D. quine
Answer: A. russell
126. The Theory of Descriptions is the philosophy of ——
A. kant
B. hegel
C. husserl
D. russell
Answer: D. russell
127. Who was the exponent of set theory?
A. russell
B. kant
C. hume
D. husserl
Answer: A. russell
128. Russell is an —–Philosopher
A. idealist
B. rationalist
C. empiricist
D. moralist
Answer: C. empiricist
129. On Denoting is the work of ——–
A. wittgenstein
B. russell
C. hegel
D. naturalist
Answer: B. russell
130. Which of the following is related to Russell’s Paradox?
A. theory of descriptions
B. theory of acquaintance
C. elementary theory
D. theory of types
Answer: D. theory of types
131. The early period of wittgenstein is related to ——-
A. tractatus
B. set theory
C. coherence
D. language game
Answer: A. tractatus
132. Philosophical Investigation is the work of —–
A. russell
B. husserl
C. kant
D. wittgenstein
Answer: D. wittgenstein
133. Wittgenstein says that language is a —
A. statement
B. picture of reality
C. judgment
D. concept
Answer: B. picture of reality
134. Who draws the difference between showing and saying?
A. russell
B. g e moore
C. wittgenstein
D. locke
Answer: C. wittgenstein
135. The philosophy of language game is found in ——
A. tractatus
B. philosophical investigation
C. logical investigation
D. logical atomism
Answer: B. philosophical investigation
136. Correspondence theory of truth is developed by
A. socretes
B. thales
C. wittgenstein
D. sartre
Answer: C. wittgenstein
137. Who among the following included in analytical philosophy?
A. wittgenstein
B. descartes
C. kant
D. heidegger
Answer: A. wittgenstein
138. Wittgenstein was born in April 26, 1889 in ——-
A. france
B. germany
C. england
D. vienna
Answer: D. vienna
139. Wittgenstein was associated with —–
A. fabian society
B. vienna circle
C. rationalists
D. idealists
Answer: B. vienna circle
140. Who wrote Blue and Brown Notebooks?
A. leibnitz
B. wittgenstein
C. russell
D. kepler
Answer: B. wittgenstein
141. Who wrote Tractatus ?
A. russell
B. wittgenstein
C. hegel
D. descartes
Answer: B. wittgenstein
142. Wittgenstein said that world consist of ——
A. facts
B. semantics
C. concepts
D. atoms
Answer: A. facts
143. Who said the picture theory of meaning?
A. russell
B. g e moore
C. descartes
D. wittgenstein
Answer: D. wittgenstein
144. Wittgenstein’s logical construction of philosophical system has a purpose to find out the limits of world, thought and —
A. proposition
B. statement
C. sense data
D. language
Answer: D. language
145. Who said that don’t ask for the meaning but says meaning as use?
A. fregel
B. russell
C. wittgenstein
D. hume
Answer: C. wittgenstein
146. Logical Positivists were influenced by ——–
A. wittgenstein
B. protagoras
C. frege
D. locke
Answer: A. wittgenstein
147. According to Wittgenstein, language has an isomorphic relation to —-
A. concepts
B. sentence
C. world
D. noumena
Answer: C. world
148. According to Wittgenstein, reporting events is an example of —–
A. concepts
B. proposition
C. percepts
D. language game
Answer: D. language game
149. ——- who inspired the so-called Cambridge School of Analysis
A. russell
B. descartes
C. sartre
D. berkeley
Answer: A. russell
150. Who is Wittgenstein’s mentor?
A. kantl
B. husserl
C. russell
D. hume
Answer: C. russell
151. “Pragmatism is nothing new: but it is a new name for some old way of thinking” who stated this?
A. william james
B. immanuel kant
C. descartes
D. john dewey
Answer: A. william james
152. Sophist’s test of truth was identical with the method of………….?
A. naturalism
B. socratic method
C. pragmatism
D. idealism
Answer: C. pragmatism
153. Who was considered as a medieval pragmatist thinker?
A. william james
B. immanuel kant
C. augustine
D. john dewey
Answer: C. augustine
154. Who was considered as the Precusor of Pragmatism
A. john dewey
B. immanuel kant
C. descartes
D. william james
Answer: B. immanuel kant
155. Who defined Pragmatism as “the attitude of looking away from first things, principles, ‘categories,’ supposed necessities; and of looking towards last things, fruits, consequences, facts.”?
A. william james
B. immanuel kant
C. descartes
D. john dewey
Answer: A. william james
156. Descartes was a ………thinker
A. materialist
B. idealist
C. empiricist
D. rationalist
Answer: D. rationalist
157. Kant ‘s concept can be stated as
A. critical naturalism
B. emotivism
C. phenomenology
D. critical idealism
Answer: D. critical idealism
158. Hegel’ thought can be stated as
A. critical idealism
B. absolute idealism
C. emotivism
D. empiricism
Answer: A. critical idealism
159. Who stated “Man is the measure of all things.”
A. plato
B. aristotle
C. protagoras
D. socrates
Answer: C. protagoras
160. Who was convinced about the deductive, intuitive and primitive empirical approaches to philosophy?
A. aquinas
B. augustine
C. anslem
D. francis bacon
Answer: D. francis bacon
161. Who acknowledged the major Kantian insight of the importance of mind as an active agent in the interpretation of experience
A. rationalist
B. empiricist
C. emotivist
D. pragmatists
Answer: D. pragmatists
162. Which method accepted that Truth is a belief evolved through the test of experience?
A. naturalism
B. idealism
C. emotivism
D. pragmatism
Answer: D. pragmatism
163. …………. is opposed to absolutism, absolute truth, absolute good, absolute reality
A. idealism
B. naturalism
C. pragmatism
D. realism
Answer: C. pragmatism
164. Which American mathematician philosopher laid down the foundation of pragmatism?
A. w.james
B. j.dewey
C. c s pierce
D. spinoza
Answer: C. c s pierce
165. Which maxim states ‘a rule for clarifying the contents of hypotheses by tracing their practical consequences’?
A. pragmatist
B. naturalist
C. rationalist
D. empiricist
Answer: A. pragmatist
166. Who published the article “How To Make Our Ideas Clear.”?
A. pierce
B. russell
C. kant
D. james
Answer: A. pierce
167. Who wished to establish philosophy on a scientific basis and to treat theories as working hypotheses?
A. spinoza
B. pierce
C. plato
D. aristotle
Answer: B. pierce
168. Pragmaticism is the name associated with
A. socrates
B. pierce
C. ) aristotle
D. plato
Answer: B. pierce
169. Who accepts only the “general method of science”, a method that employs hypotheses, but require their empirical verification.
A. descartes
B. pierce
C. augustine
D. bacon
Answer: B. pierce
170. Who introduces the principle of pragmatism as a development of the rationalistic notion of “clear and distinct ideas”.
A. locke
B. berkley
C. kant
D. pierce
Answer: D. pierce
171. Who coined the word pragmatism from the Greek word pragma (“act” or “deed”) to emphasize the fact that words derive their meanings from actions.
A. russell
B. c.s. pierce
C. william james
D. john dewey
Answer: B. c.s. pierce
172. Who defines the term radical empiricism with pragmatism
A. john dewey
B. c.s. pierce
C. russell
D. william james
Answer: D. william james
173. Who said, “Truth happens to an idea.”
A. john dewey
B. russell
C. william james
D. c.s. pierce
Answer: C. william james
174. Workability, satisfactions, consequences, and results are the key words in the pragmatic conception of truth according to …………….
A. naturalism
B. idealism
C. pragmatism
D. realism
Answer: C. pragmatism
175. Who began the method of pragmatism in the modern period
A. john dewey
B. russell
C. william james
D. c.s. pierce
Answer: D. c.s. pierce
176. Who popularized the method of pragmatism
A. russell
B. kant
C. charles sanders pierce
D. william james
Answer: D. william james
177. Immanual Kant used the word ‘phenomena’ for
A. ”things as they appear to us”
B. “things as they are in themselves”
C. “mind as it appears to us”
D. “theory of illusion”
Answer: A. ”things as they appear to us”
178. Phenomenology for Hegel was
A. the name of a way of doing philosophy
B. a descriptive study of all observable reals
C. the science in which we study mind as it is in itself
D. the science of phenomena
Answer: C. the science in which we study mind as it is in itself
179. ——————-was the first to use phenomenology as the name of a way of doing philosophy
A. j.h.lambert
B. hegel
C. william hamilton
D. edmund husserl
Answer: D. edmund husserl
180. ———————-used the term phenomenology as the “theory of illusion”
A. immanual kant
B. j.h.lambert
C. hegel
D. edmund husserl
Answer: B. j.h.lambert
181. The leading rule of phenomenological method is
A. “existence precedes essence”
B. “back to things themselves”
C. “cogito-ergosum”
D. “dubito ergo sum”
Answer: B. “back to things themselves”
182. The slogon of phenomenology is
A. ”to the things themselves”
B. “cogito ergo sum”
C. “existence precedes essence”
D. “dubito ergo sum”
Answer: A. ”to the things themselves”
183. Hume’s phenomenalism states that
A. logical is identified with psychological statements
B. material things are nothing but ideas
C. soul is nothing but astream of consciousness
D. physical objects as well as human beings are no more than collections of their observable properties
Answer: D. physical objects as well as human beings are no more than collections of their observable properties
184. Psychologism as an example of reductionism
A. is the identification of logical with psychological statements
B. according to which physical objects as well as human beings are no more than collections of their observable peoperties
C. according to which material things are nothing but ideas
D. according to which soul is nothing but stream of consciousness
Answer: A. is the identification of logical with psychological statements
185. ‘Psychological atomism ‘ is a type of reductionism according to which
A. physical objects as well as human beings are no more than collections of their observable properties.
B. material things are nothing but ideas
C. consciousness is a set of contents, viz, sensations, feelings etc
D. none of the above
Answer: C. consciousness is a set of contents, viz, sensations, feelings etc
186. Phenomenology opposes scientism which takes
A. material things as ideas
B. soul as a stream of consciousness
C. scientific or empirical statements as premises in philosophical arguments
D. physical objects as well as human beings as collections of their observable properties.
Answer: C. scientific or empirical statements as premises in philosophical arguments
187. ‘Reduction ‘ in phenomenology means
A. reductionism
B. elimination
C. exclusion
D. rejection
Answer: C. exclusion
188. Phenomenology is
A. a science of objects
B. a science of the subject
C. a science of experience, what is given in immediate experience
D. descriptive psychology
Answer: C. a science of experience, what is given in immediate experience
189. Phenomenology can be characterized as
A. a study of consciousness as intentional
B. an investigation of external or internal facts
C. a science of objects
D. a science of the subject
Answer: A. a study of consciousness as intentional
190. The phenomenological analysis is
A. psychological analysis of consciousness
B. subjective analysis of consciousness
C. analysis of transcendental consciousness
D. analysis of everything objective, which is not directly given
Answer: C. analysis of transcendental consciousness
191. In phenomenology, the exclusion of the existence of the object is called
A. bracketing existence
B. reductionism
C. existentialism
D. idealism
Answer: A. bracketing existence
192. In phenomenology,’ whatness’ of the object is called
A. existence
B. essence
C. thing
D. idea
Answer: B. essence
193. The’ essence’ in phenomenology is
A. ideal reality
B. psychological reality
C. empirical reality
D. intentional object of consciousness
Answer: D. intentional object of consciousness
194. Phenomenology is
A. materialism
B. phenomenalism
C. descriptive study of the ‘given’ without making any metaphysical postulate
D. an ‘introspective psychology’
Answer: C. descriptive study of the ‘given’ without making any metaphysical postulate
195. ‘Intuition’ in phenomenology means
A. observation
B. seeing
C. sensible intuition
D. intuition of essences or intellectual observation
Answer: D. intuition of essences or intellectual observation
196. Intentionality, the phenomenological term used by Husserl refer to
A. referring to idea
B. the state of being intentional, an objective modifying act
C. a psychological act
D. a subjective act
Answer: B. the state of being intentional, an objective modifying act
197. Husserl had borrowed the concept of intentionality from
A. descartes
B. meinong
C. brentano
D. william james
Answer: C. brentano
198. The author of Neues Organon
A. plato
B. j.h.lambert
C. hegel
D. c.s.peirce
Answer: B. j.h.lambert
199. Kant used the word ‘noumena’ for
A. things as they appear to us
B. things as they are in themselves
C. whatever is observed to be the case
D. whatever is before the mind
Answer: B. things as they are in themselves
200. C.S Peirce used the word ‘phenomena’ as
A. things as they appear to us
B. things as they are in themselves
C. whatever is observed to be the case
D. whatever is before mind, even illusory perceptions, imaginations or dreams
Answer: D. whatever is before mind, even illusory perceptions, imaginations or dreams
201. In “Back to things themselves” “things” are taken to mean
A. objects
B. consciousness
C. ideas
D. the “given”
Answer: D. the “given”
202. The method of phenomenological reduction demands
A. reductionism
B. denial or rejection of all beliefs
C. suspension of our natural attitude
D. skeptical outlook
Answer: C. suspension of our natural attitude
203. In phenomenology, the exclusion of subjectivity is called
A. the rule of ‘objectivism’
B. the rule of ‘subjectivism’
C. the rule of scepticism
D. the rule of science
Answer: A. the rule of ‘objectivism’
204. The method of phenomenology is transcendental in the sense that
A. it aims at psychological phenomena
B. it aims at disclosing the structures of consciousness
C. it aims at a-priori elements of knowledge
D. it aims at analytic –synthetic distinction
Answer: B. it aims at disclosing the structures of consciousness
205. The exclusion of the existence of the object in ‘Bracketing Existence’ Means
A. suspension of our belief in the existence of objects
B. eliminate existence of the object in general
C. rejecting the reality of objects
D. doubting the existence of objects as in descartes’ method of doubt
Answer: A. suspension of our belief in the existence of objects
206. The objects of phenomenological seeing or intuition are
A. monads
B. spirits
C. ideas
D. essences
Answer: D. essences
207. The acid test of a truly critical philosophy, according to Husserl was
A. interpreting the world of existence
B. ideal science of pure logic
C. psychological analysis of cognitive processes
D. the ideal of presuppositionless philosophy
Answer: D. the ideal of presuppositionless philosophy
208. The phenomenologist claims that philosophy is a rigorous science, In the sense that
A. it is an analysis of all sciences
B. it is all sciences put together
C. it is an investigation of the most radical, fundamental, primitive original evidences of conscious experience.
D. it is an investigation of the important theories of sciences
Answer: C. it is an investigation of the most radical, fundamental, primitive original evidences of conscious experience.
209. The best known contemporary advocate of phenomenological method is
A. gadamar
B. althusser
C. sartre
D. derrida
Answer: C. sartre
210. Phenomenological intuition means
A. simple seeing of sensory objects
B. psychological intuition
C. empirical intuition
D. intuition of essences
Answer: D. intuition of essences
211. According to Encyclopedia, the aim of phenomenological method is
A. to establish phenomenology as empirical psychology
B. to establish phenomenology as rigorous science
C. to establish a dichotomy between essence and existence
D. to establish mind-body dualism
Answer: B. to establish phenomenology as rigorous science