300+ REAL TIME Surveying Objective Questions & Answers 2023

250+ TOP MCQs on Field Astronomy – Astronomical Corrections and Answers

Surveying Multiple Choice Questions on “Field Astronomy – Astronomical Corrections”.

1. Which of the following doesn’t belong to the set of corrections applied in astronomical corrections?
a) Correction of parallax
b) Correction of sag
c) Correction of refraction
d) Correction of semi-diameter
Answer: b
Clarification: Astronomical corrections are applied in the case of celestial bodies. They generally include corrections for parallax, for refraction, for semi-diameter, for the dip of horizon. All these are not applied at once but are applied based on the necessity.

2. Magnitude of refraction depends upon which of the following factors?
a) Density
b) Surface tension
c) Reflection
d) Polarisation
Answer: a
Clarification: Due to the curvature of the earth surface, the layers of the atmosphere can be thinner as its distance from surface increases. It may cause the deviation in the angle of ray which is equal to refraction angle. The magnitude of refraction depends on density of air, temperature, pressure of barometer, altitude.

3. Correction to the dip is always_____________
a) Zero
b) Multiplicative
c) Subtractive
d) Additive
Answer: c
Clarification: Angle of dip can be assumed as the angle between true and visible horizon. Due to the curvature of the earth, the dip angle must be subtracted from the observed angle, which makes the correction as subtractive.

4. Determine the index error for face right, if the face left and face right readings were given as 18˚24ꞌ52ꞌꞌ and 18˚23ꞌ24ꞌꞌ.
a) +24ꞌꞌ
b) +49ꞌꞌ
c) +4ꞌꞌ
d) +44ꞌꞌ
Answer: d
Clarification: For determining the correction for index error, calculate the mean reading = (18˚24ꞌ52ꞌꞌ + 18˚23ꞌ24ꞌꞌ) / 2 = 18˚24ꞌ8ꞌꞌ
Index error for face right can be given as 18˚24ꞌ8ꞌꞌ – 18˚23ꞌ24ꞌꞌ = +44ꞌꞌ.

5. Find the altitude correction for semi-diameter which is having index error 25˚46ꞌ21ꞌꞌ and semi-diameter 0˚26ꞌ21ꞌꞌ.
a) 26˚12ꞌ42ꞌꞌ
b) 62˚12ꞌ42ꞌꞌ
c) 26˚21ꞌ42ꞌꞌ
d) 26˚12ꞌ24ꞌꞌ
Answer: a
Clarification: The altitude correction for the semi-diameter can be given as the summation of index error with the semi-diameter mentioned i.e.,
25˚46ꞌ21ꞌꞌ + 0˚26ꞌ21ꞌꞌ = 26˚12ꞌ42ꞌꞌ.

6. Determine the correction for refraction if the angle of azimuth is given as 62˚21ꞌ24ꞌꞌ.
a) 10˚11ꞌ50.74ꞌꞌ
b) 0˚1ꞌ50.74ꞌꞌ
c) 0˚1ꞌ0.74ꞌꞌ
d) 50˚1ꞌ50.74ꞌꞌ
Answer: b
Clarification: The correction for refraction can be given as 58ꞌꞌ tan z. Where, z is the Azimuthal angle. On substitution, we get
58ꞌꞌ*tan (62˚21ꞌ24ꞌꞌ) = 0˚1ꞌ50.74ꞌꞌ.

7. Determine the correction for parallax which has to be applied to 29˚42ꞌ31ꞌꞌ for obtaining altitude of the sun, which is given as 32˚41ꞌ15ꞌꞌ.
a) 53˚51ꞌ
b) 53˚15ꞌ
c) 35˚51ꞌ
d) 5˚51ꞌ
Answer: a
Clarification: Correction for parallax can be given as
Correction for parallax = horizontal parallax * cos apparent latitude
Correction for parallax = 8*8cos α. On substitution, we get
Correction for parallax = 53˚51ꞌ, this has to applied for 29˚42ꞌ31ꞌꞌ in order to have the correct altitude of the sun.

8. Determine the corrected azimuth value if the azimuth is given as 54˚32ꞌ15ꞌꞌhaving b = +23ꞌꞌ with vertical angle 29˚42ꞌ31ꞌꞌ.
a) 67˚39ꞌ40ꞌꞌ
b) 67˚30ꞌ39.78ꞌꞌ
c) 67˚39ꞌ39.78ꞌꞌ
d) 76˚39ꞌ39.78ꞌꞌ
Answer: c
Clarification: The corrected azimuth can be determined by the summation of azimuth with correction applied.
Correction = b*tan α = 23*tan 29˚42ꞌ31ꞌꞌ = 13˚7ꞌ24.8ꞌꞌ. On summation,
Corrected azimuth = 54˚32ꞌ15ꞌꞌ + 13˚7ꞌ24.8ꞌꞌ
Corrected azimuth = 67˚39ꞌ39.78ꞌꞌ.

9. Which of the following is always subtractive?
a) Correction for reflection
b) Correction for dip
c) Correction for parallax
d) Correction for polarization
Answer: b
Clarification: The correction applied for the dip is always subtractive. Dip is the angle between true and the visible horizon, the observations are taken from the sextant, the altitude of the star can be measured by this. Correction applied for the parallax is always additive.

10. Apply correction for dip angle if the height of the observer at the sea level is given as 54m.
a) 23˚13ꞌ45.05ꞌꞌ
b) 0˚3ꞌ45.05ꞌꞌ
c) 0˚31ꞌ45.05ꞌꞌ
d) 0˚13ꞌ45.05ꞌꞌ
Answer: d
Clarification: The correction for dip is found out by using the formula,
Tan β = (sqrt{2h/R}). Where, R is the radius of earth.
Tan β = (sqrt{2*54/(6370*1000)})
β = 0˚13ꞌ45.05ꞌꞌ.

250+ TOP MCQs on Remote Sensing – Electromagnetic Spectrum and Answers

Surveying Multiple Choice Questions on “Remote Sensing – Electromagnetic Spectrum”.

1. Energy of the discrete particles can be given by_______
a) Photons
b) Protoplasm
c) Electrons
d) Neutrons
Answer: a
Clarification: Photons act as a constituent particle in case of electromagnetic wave. These possess certain properties like energy and momentum which is able to deliver it to the wave and helps in certain classifications.

2. Which among the following is having more wavelengths?
a) X-rays
b) Cosmic waves
c) Radio waves
d) Gamma rays
Answer: c
Clarification: Radio waves possess the longest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum, which makes it suitable in the usage of classified radars for operating in a particular region.

3. Which among the following wave is not employed in case of remote sensing?
a) X-ray
b) Visible ray
c) Thermal IR
d) Radio waves
Answer: a
Clarification: Gamma rays, X-rays and UV rays will be absorbed by the atmosphere so that the sensor which is mounted on the satellite can’t use the facilities which can be provided by these rays and also these possess very less wavelength.

4. Optical mechanical scanner is used in which type of electromagnetic waves?
a) X-rays
b) Cosmic waves
c) Radio waves
d) Thermal IR
Answer: d
Clarification: Infrared region has been classified into thermal IR and reflected IR. Thermal IR is equipped with the optical mechanical scanner and a special system which is free from a film produces images by using wavelengths of range 3-5 micrometer.

5. Radio waves are having the longest wavelength among all the electromagnetic waves.
a) False
b) True
Answer: b
Clarification: In an electromagnetic spectrum, certain classifications were made to determine the wave properties. Among them, radio and television waves stand at last having a long wavelength parameter. This makes it suitable for usage of radars.

6. Gamma rays are having a wavelength of _________
a) Zero
b) Greater than 0.03nm
c) Less than 0.03nm
d) Equal to 0.03nm
Answer: c
Clarification: In an electromagnetic spectrum Gamma rays are having second least wavelength. It can be clearly observed that these rays are absorbed by the atmosphere which makes it possess least wavelength, which is less than 0.03nm.

7. Which of the following waves can be used in case of remote sensing?
a) UV rays
b) X-rays
c) Gamma rays
d) Visible rays
Answer: d
Clarification: Electromagnetic spectrum consists of a wide range of classifications among those some of them are absorbed by the atmosphere and most of them are used in remote sensing those include visible rays, IR rays, Radar waves, Radio waves etc.

8. Which of the following indicates the correct set of combination in radio waves?
a) Shorter wavelength – high frequency
b) Longer wavelength – less frequency
c) Shorter wavelength – less frequency
d) Longer wavelength – high frequency
Answer: a
Clarification: From the relation it can be clearly seen that wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional to each other which makes it form a relation that is shorter wavelength must possess high frequency which makes it suitable in case of cosmic rays and radio waves.

9. How much wave length is reflected back by the earth surface from the absorbed sun radiation?
a) 0.5meter
b) 0.5 micrometer
c) 0.5 centimeter
d) 0.5 decimeter
Answer: b
Clarification: In general, the radiation received from sun is distributed to all over the world in a manner that the entire radiation is useful. But some of this is reflected back, which is 0.5 micrometer, a minute one.

10. EM waves varies from ______ to ________
a) Meters to nano-meters
b) Meters to micro-meters
c) Nano to micro-meters
d) Centimeters to nano-meters
Answer: a
Clarification: The EM wave is continuum of energy, which under goes certain propagations. During this course, it may undergo some undulations which result in decrease of the wave length capacity. Generally, these vary from meters to nano-meters.

11. The formula of energy produced from the body can be given as _________
a) Q = h- c / λ
b) Q = h*c * λ
c) Q = h+ c / λ
d) Q = h*c / λ
Answer: d
Clarification: The energy propagated from the body can be determined by
Q = h*c / λ. From this, the wave length can be determined by having an energy value. This help in the determination of the wavelength by using plank’s constant.

250+ TOP MCQs on Hydrographic Survey – Introduction and Answers

Surveying Multiple Choice Questions on “Hydrographic Survey – Introduction”.

1. Which of the following doesn’t describe the use of hydrographic surveying?
a) Laying an Alignment
b) Making underground investigations
c) Nautical charts for navigation
d) Establishing mean sea level
Answer: d
Clarification: Hydrographic surveying can find its use in making nautical charts for navigation, making underground investigations for construction, establishing mean sea level, determining shore line etc.

2. The process of measuring depth below the water surface is called _______
a) Sounding
b) Chaining
c) Traversing
d) Compass traversing
Answer: a
Clarification: Sounding indicates the process of measuring depth below the water surface. It involves calculation of the time travel by the sound waves. This can reduce the manual power and can have an enhanced report.

3. Which among the following can be possessed by the horizontal control?
a) Chaining
b) Triangulation
c) Theodolite
d) Compass
Answer: b
Clarification: The horizontal and vertical control can possess either triangulation or a traverse. This is considered as the preliminary survey procedure as it can be done for second or third order triangulations which can be used as a main control.

4. Transit tape is used in case of small survey.
a) False
b) True
Answer: b
Clarification: In case of small scale surveys, the triangulation will be more than required and usage of tape is preferred over it. This can have an advantage in economic perspective and also in terms of obtaining result.

5. Gauge readings are obtained after_______________
a) Compass survey
b) Chaining
c) Sounding
d) Traversing
Answer: c
Clarification: After the completion of the sounding procedure, the next step involved is figuring gauge readings. Gauge reading is taken because of the continuous change in level of water, which might affect the result of the survey.

6. Which of the following doesn’t come under the category of shore line survey?
a) Delineation of shore line
b) Location of shore details
c) Determination of the low and high water lines
d) Sounding
Answer: d
Clarification: Shore line survey involves in the delineation of shore line, location of shore details and their prominent features and in the determination of the low and high water lines for spring tides.

7. Which among the following doesn’t indicate the purpose of sounding?
a) Volume measurements
b) Nautical charts for navigation
c) Making sub-aqueous investigations
d) Measurement of area
Answer: a
Clarification: Sounding is conducted in order to make nautical charts for navigation, measurement of area which are subjected to scour and making sub-aqueous investigations which is needed to secure the information of construction.

8. What will be the salinity of the sea water if the temperature of the sea water is about 45˚C and the velocity of sound is given as 1678 m/s?
a) 314.62
b) 214.62
c) 134.62
d) 143.62
Answer: c
Clarification: From the relation, V = 1410 + 4.21*T – 0.037*T² + 1.14*S. we can calculate the salinity content. On substitution, we get
1678 = 1410 + 4.21*45 – 0.037*45² + 1.14*S
S = 134.62.

9. Among the following, which is having more prominence while conducting sounding?
a) Labor
b) Signal
c) Sounding pole
d) Suitable climatic conditions
Answer: c
Clarification: Sounding involves in measuring the depth of water below the water surface, which requires certain equipments like, sounding boat, lead lines, fathometer, sounding machine, sounding pole.

10. What is length of the sounding rod or pole?
a) 7-8 m
b) 5-8 m
c) 10-18 m
d) 15-18 m
Answer: b
Clarification: Sounding rod or pole, which is used in case of sounding process, is having a length of 5-8 m with 5-8 cm diameter. They are suitable for shallow and quiet water areas, where the rod is visible for placing.

11. The velocity of sound in sea can be determined by ____________
a) Refraction
b) Reflection
c) Polarization
d) Sounding machine
Answer: d
Clarification: Sounding process involves certain machines, which record the velocity of the sound waves produced. The machine can be named as sounding machine, which was invented by Weddele.

12. Determine the velocity of the sound in sea water if the surface temperature can be given as 32˚C and the salinity is given as 2.43.
a) 1590.6 m/s
b) 1509.6 m/s
c) 5109.6 m/s
d) 1590.9 m/s
Answer: b
Clarification: The velocity of the sound in sea water can be determined by using the formula,
V = 1410 + 4.21*T – 0.037* T² + 1.14*S. on substitution, we get
V = 1410 + 4.21*32 – 0.037*32² + 1.14*2.43
V = 1509.6 m/s.

13. Find the value of the surface temperature, if the velocity of the sound in sea water can be given as 2000 m/s and the salinity as 5.32.
a) 57˚C
b) 75˚C
c) 52˚C
d) 72˚C
Answer: a
Clarification: From the velocity of the sound of sea water relation, we can determine the surface temperature. The relation is given as V = 1410 + 4.21*T – 0.037*T² + 1.14*S. on substitution, we get
2000 = 1410 + 4.21*T – 0.037*T² + 1.14*5.32
T = 57˚C (approximately).

250+ TOP MCQs on Introduction – Chain Survey Equipments and Answers

Surveying Multiple Choice Questions on “Introduction – Chain Survey Equipments”.

1. The simplest instrument used for setting right angles is a _____
a) Cross staff
b) Optical square
c) Prism square
d) Site square
Answer: a
Clarification: The simplest instrument used for setting out the right angles is a cross staff. It consists of either a frame or box with pairs of vertical slits and is mounted on a pole shod for fixing in the ground.

2. Which of the following is not a common form of cross staff?
a) Open cross staff
b) French cross staff
c) Adjustable cross staff
d) German cross staff
Answer: d
Clarification: The common forms of cross staff are open cross staff, french cross staff, adjustable cross staff.

3. Which cross staff consists of two cylinders of equal diameter placed one on top of the other?
a) Open cross staff
b) French cross staff
c) Adjustable cross staff
d) Optical square
Answer: c
Clarification: Adjustable cross staff consists of two cylinders of equal diameter placed one on top of the other. Both are provided with sighting sits. The upper box carries a vernier and can be rotated relatively to lower by a circular rack.

4. Prism square works on the same principle as that of _______
a) Cross staff
b) Open cross staff
c) Optical square
d) Site square
Answer: c
Clarification: It is a modern and precise instrument and is used in a similar manner as that of optical square. It has a merit that no adjustment is required since the angle between the reflecting surfaces cannot vary.

5. What are used to mark the positions of the stations or terminal points of survey line?
a) Arrows
b) Pegs
c) Ranging rods
d) Plumb bob
Answer: b
Clarification: Wooden pegs are used to mark the positions of the stations or terminal points of survey line. They are made of stout timber.

6. Which cross staff consists of two pairs of vertical slits giving two lines of sights at right angles to each other?
a) Open cross staff
b) French cross staff
c) Adjustable cross staff
d) In all types
Answer: a
Clarification: Open cross staff is provided with two pairs of vertical slits giving two lines of sights at right angles to each other.

7. Which cross staff consists of a hollow octagonal box?
a) Open cross staff
b) French cross staff
c) Adjustable cross staff
d) Optical square
Answer: b
Clarification: Adjustable cross staff consists of two cylinders of equal diameter placed one on top of the other. Both are provided with sighting sits. French cross staff consists of a hollow octagonal box.

8. How many number of arrows are required for chain surveying?
a) 10
b) 5
c) 15
d) 20
Answer: a
Clarification: These are among the list of equipment required for chain surveying they are 20 m chain, 10 arrows, ranging rods and offset rods, plumb bob etc.

9. What are used after every chain length measured on the ground?
a) Pegs
b) Ranging rods
c) Arrows
d) Offset rods
Answer: c
Clarification: An arrow is inserted into the ground after every chain length measured on the ground. Wooden Pegs or pegs and offset rods are the survey instruments used in the chaining process in surveying.

10. What can be used in conjunction with a datum rod into the base of the instrument?
a) Cross staff
b) Open cross staff
c) Optical square
d) Site square
Answer: d
Clarification: A site square designed for setting out straight lines and offset lines at 90 degrees. It can be used in conjunction with a datum rod into the base of the instrument.

250+ TOP MCQs on Degree of Accuracy in Traversing and Answers

Surveying MCQs on “Degree of Accuracy in Traversing”.

1. When start point and end point of closed transverse not coincide then that error is called ____
a) Angular error
b) Closing error
c) Adjustment error
d) Transverse error
Answer: b
Clarification: If a closed transvere is plotted according to the field measurements, the end point of the traverse will not coincide exactly with the starting point, owing to the errors in the field measurements of angles and distances. Such error is known as closing error.

2. The term used for the ratio of error of closure to a perimeter of transverse is the relative error of closure.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Error of closure / perimeter of transverse = e/p. The term used for the ratio of error of closure to a perimeter of transverse is the relative error of closure.

3. In a closed transverse, the sum of interior angles should be equal to (2N – 4) right angles. Otherwise, the error occurred termed as ____
a) Angular error
b) Closing error
c) Adjustment error
d) Transverse error
Answer: a
Clarification: If a closed traverse, the sum of interior angles should be equal to (2N – 4) right angles. If the angles are measured with the same degree of precision, the error in the sum of angles may be distributed equally to each angle of the traverse.

4. Let e be the closing error in the bearing of the last line of a closed traverse having No sides. Then what is the correction for first line?
a) e/N
b) 2e/N
c) 3e/N
d) e
Answer: a
Clarification: In a closed traverse in which bearings are observed, the closing error in bearing may be determined by comparing the two bearing of the last line as observed at the first and last stations of a traverse. Correction for first line (1×e)/N = e/N.

5. Let e be the closing error in the bearing of last line of a closed traverse having No sides. Then what is the correction for second line?
a) e/N
b) 2e/N
c) 3e/N
d) e
Answer: a
Clarification: In a closed traverse in which bearings are observed, the closing error in bearing may be determined by comparing the two bearing of the last line as observed at the first and last stations of traverse. Correction for second line (2×e)/ N = 2e/ N.

6. Let e be the closing error in the bearing of last line of a closed traverse having No sides. Then what is the correction for the third line?
a) e/N
b) 2e/N
c) 3e/N
d) e
Answer: c
Clarification: In a closed traverse in which bearings are observed, the closing error in bearing may be determined by comparing the two bearing of the last line as observed at the first and last stations of traverse. Correction for third line (3×e)/ N = 3e/ N.

8. Let e be the closing error in the bearing of last line of a closed traverse having No sides. Then what is the correction for the last line?
a) e/N
b) 2e/N
c) 3e/N
d) e
Answer: d
Clarification: In a closed traverse in which bearings are observed, the closing error in bearing may be determined by comparing the two bearing of the last line as observed at the first and last stations of traverse. Correction for second line (N×e)/ N = e.

9. What is the term generally applied to the operation of applying corrections to the latitudes and departures?
a) Adjustment
b) Error
c) Balancing
d) Accuracy
Answer: c
Clarification: The term balancing is generally applied to the operation of applying corrections to the latitudes and departures. So that £L = 0 and £D = 0. This applies only when the survey forms a closed polygon.

10. Which of the following methods are not methods of adjusting a traversing?
a) Bowditch’s method
b) Transit method
c) Axis method
d) Levelling method
Answer: d
Clarification: This applies only when the survey forms a closed polygon. The following are common methods of adjusting a traverse bowditch’s method, transit method, graphical method, axis method.

11. Let correction to latitude of any side be C, total error in latitude be e, length of that side be l, perimeter of traverse be p. Then what is bowditch’s rule?
a) C = e × l/p
b) C = e × p/l
c) C = p × e/l
d) C = l × p/e
Answer: a
Clarification: Correction to latitude of any side is equally to total error in latitude × length of that side/perimeter of traverse.

12. Let correction to latitude of any side be C, total error in latitude be, L be the latitude of that line, £L be the arithmetic sum of latitudes then what is the transit rule?
a) C = e × L/£L
b) C = e × £L/L
c) C = L × £L/e
d) C = £L × e/ L
Answer: a
Clarification: The transit rule may be employed where angular measurements are more precise than the linear measurements. According to this rule, the total error in latitudes and departures is distributed in proportion to the latitudes and departures of the sides.

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250+ TOP MCQs on Contour Gradient and Answers

Surveying Multiple Choice Questions on “Contour Gradient”.

1. _______ is a line lying throughout on the surface of the ground and preserving a constant inclination to the horizontal.
a) Contour gradient
b) Contour interval
c) Contour slope
d) Contour inclination
Answer: a
Clarification: Contour gradient is a line lying throughout on the surface of the ground and preserving a constant inclination to the horizontal. If the inclination of such a line is given, its direction from a point may be easily located either on the map or on the ground.

2. Which of the following cannot be used to locate the contour gradient in the field?
a) Clinometer
b) Theodolite
c) Level
d) Chain
Answer: d
Clarification: The method of locating the contour gradient on the map can be done in the filed by using clinometer, theodolite and level.

3. If a level is used to locate the contour gradient, it is not necessary to set the level on the contour gradient.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Contour gradient is a line lying throughout on the surface of the ground and preserving a constant inclination to the horizontal. If a level is used to locate the contour gradient, it is not necessary to set the level on the contour gradient.

4. If the inclination of contour gradient is given, its direction from a point may be easily located either on the map or on the ground.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Contour gradient is a line lying throughout on the surface of the ground and preserving a constant inclination to the horizontal. If the inclination of such a line is given, its direction from a point may be easily located either on the map or on the ground.

5. To locate the contour gradient, the level is set at a commanding position and reading on the staff at the second point is taken.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Clarification: To locate the contour gradient, the level is set at a commanding position and reading on the staff at the first point is taken.

6. From a single instrument station, several points at a given gradient can be located.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Clarification: To locate the contour gradient, the level is set at a commanding position and reading on the staff at the first point is taken. From a single instrument station, several points at a given gradient can be located.

7. In a direct method, the contour to be plotted is actually traced on the ground.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: In a direct method, the contour to be plotted is actually traced on the ground. Only those points are surveyed which happen to be plotted.

8. In indirect method, each contour is located by determining the positions of a series of points through which the contour passes.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: In indirect method, each contour is located by determining the positions of series of points through which the contour passes. The operation is also sometimes called tracing out contours.

9. The indirect method, guide points need not necessarily be on the contours.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Clarification: In indirect method, some suitable guide points are selected and surveyed. The guide points need not necessarily be on the contours.

10. The indirect method serves as a basis for the interpolation of contours.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: In indirect method, some suitable guide points are selected and surveyed. These guide points, having been plotted, serve as a basis for the interpolation of contours.