[Chemistry Class Notes] on Preparation of Carboxylic Acid Pdf for Exam

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The Odds of 21st Century

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Syllabus is Smart Work

Reading the syllabus is a must for all the students. Before one goes for the practical of chemistry, it is highly important to check the depth of the waters before actually testing it. After reading the syllabus a student can find herself in a zone of mental clarity in terms of what to study and what not to study. With this information, students can further organize their preparation excellently and score above 90% in the exams effortlessly.

One you finally go for the final practical of preparing the Carboxylic Acid, the student will be in a comfortable mental space where he/she knows what to expect and what not to expect.

 

Peace of Mind is a Necessity for Practical

It is a common tendency of the students to get nervous or stressed  during the practical which makes the possibility of delivering  good results very less despite putting in so much hard work.  To tackle such a situation, the expert teachers of offer the following guidelines;

Take a good sleep for 6-7hrs and eat well and keep yourself hydrated. Exercise or any physical activity should be part of your routine. On the other hand, you must keep going through the syllabus to know about the topics that you have to cover.  As long as you know about the entire topics that could be asked in the exam and its practice, it would be easier for you to contain any sort of exam stress.

Before jumping to the preparation of carboxylic acid, it is important to know what carboxylic acid is and the nature of carboxylic acid. Carboxylic acid is an organic compound in which a carbon atom is doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and with a hydrogen atom with a single bond. The carboxyl group (COOH) gets its name because of the carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group. Carboxylic acids are much more acidic in nature than other compounds containing a hydroxyl group. The general formula for carboxylic acid can be denoted as CnH2n+1COOHGenerally, carboxylic acids contain one carboxyl group, but Sometimes two or more groups are also attached. These acids are further called dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, and so on. It is a very useful product and used in many different industries.

 

Structure of Carboxylic Acid

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Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

The preparation of carboxylic acids can be done using various methods. Some of them are listed below-

1. Preparation of Carboxylic Acid From the Grignard Reagent

The preparation of carboxylic acid can be done using Grignard reagents chemical reaction. It can be simply done by first reacting to Grignard reagent with dry ice (crushed) or solid CO2. In this step, salts of carboxylic acids are formed, after that, acidification of these salts with mineral acids gives corresponding carboxylic acids.

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2. Preparation of Carboxylic Acid From Alcohol

It is very easy to prepare carboxylic acids from alcohol. Alcohols easily undergo oxidation reactions using oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4), chromium trioxide (CrO3–H2SO4–), and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). These strong oxidizing agents make alcohol undergo an oxidation reaction twice and convert alcohol into carboxylic acids directly.

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3. Preparation of Carboxylic Acid From Aldehyde

The preparation of carboxylic acids can also be done using mild oxidizing agents also. Alcohols, when oxidized using a mild oxidizing agent such as Tollen’s reagents [Ag(NH3)2+OH−] and manganese dioxide (MnO2), undergo oxidation reaction only once and form corresponding aldehydes. When these aldehydes further undergo oxidation reaction using mild oxidizing agents only give carboxylic acid.

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4. Preparation of Carboxylic Acid From Ester

When ester undergoes acid hydrolysis, it leads to the formation of carboxylic acids. In the first step of basic hydrolysis of ester, it produces carboxylates. On further acidification, it gives corresponding carboxylic acids. Also, it is necessary to carry out hydrolysis of esters with mineral acids or alkali to produce a carboxylic acid.

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5. Preparation of Carboxylic Acid From Acyl Halides and Anhydrides

When acid chlorides undergo hydrolysis with water, it gives carboxylic acids. Another way to produce carboxylic acid from acid chlorides is by making it undergo hydrolysis with an aqueous base. This reaction produces carboxylate ions, on further acidification of which will give corresponding carboxylic acids. Anhydrides, on the other side, simply undergo hydrolysis with water and give corresponding carboxylic acid.

6. Preparation From Nitriles and Amides

On the hydrolysis of nitriles, it forms amides. These amides chemically react in the presence of catalysts such as H+ or OH– to give carboxylic acids. In a similar way, amides can directly react to produce carboxylic acid in the presence of H+ or OH– catalyst.

7.Preparation From Alkylbenzenes

Alkylbenzenes undergo oxidation reactions to form aromatic carboxylic acids. When the alkyl benzene compound goes under oxidation with acidic or alkaline potassium permanganate or chromic acid it gi
ves carboxylic acid, which is aromatic in nature. In this process, the side products of oxidation reaction depend upon the alkyl groups, whether it is primary or secondary. The tertiary alkyl group remains unaffected in this reaction.

Conversion of Carboxylic Acid to Alcohol

Conversion of carboxylic acid to alcohol is a very simple process. It is done by reduction of carboxylic acid using reagents such as Lithium tetrahydridoaluminate or dry ether (LiAlH4). The -COOH group in carboxylic acid turns into -CH2OH which is a primary alcoholic group.

 

Uses of Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids are very useful in our daily lives. They act as an important ingredient in the manufacturing of many common goods. Some of the common uses are stated below-

•  Manufacturing of soaps       

• It is very useful in the food industry. It is used in the production of soft drinks also.

• Used in the production of vinegar.       

• It is very useful in the pharmaceutical industry also. It is an important ingredient used in the production of drugs such as aspirin etc. 

• It is also used in the rubber industry.       

• These acids are used in the production of dye, perfumes, etc.