MCQs and Answers [2024]

[PDF Notes] How to make financial markets more efficient?

A financial market (including money and capital markets) is said to be efficient when (a) the prices of its assets are determined and governed competitively by the free play of natural forces of demand for and supply of funds; (b) it operates at the least cost level; (c) it is free from wasteful use of resources; and (d) its resources are allocated in the most socially productive purposes.

There are various forms of efficiency as discussed below:

1. Valuation Efficiency:

When the market price of a financial asset is equal to its intrinsic value (or investment value), it achieves valuation efficiency. The intrinsic value of an asset is the present value of the future stream of cash flow associated with the investment in that asset.

The present value is obtained by discounting the future cash flows at an appropriate rate of discount. The valuation efficiency can be achieved only when the financial markets are perfectly competitive.

2. Functional or Operational Efficiency:

A financial ancient (a) when it minimizes administrative and transactions costs; (b) when it provides maximum facilities and conveniences to the borrowers and lenders while performing the function of transmission of resources; and (c) when it ensures a fair return to financial intermediaries for their services.

3. Allocation Efficiency:

A financial market has allocation efficiency if it is able to channelise its resources into those investment projects or uses where marginal efficiency of capital (after adjusted for risk differences) is the maximum.

4. Information Arbitrage Efficiency:

If a person can make huge gains by using commonly available information, the financial market is said to be inefficient. Thus, the degree of efficiency and the degree of gains from the use of commonly available information are inversely related.

Under the conditions of perfect competition, such gains are not possible at all because the prices in such a market already reflect fully all the relevant and available information and no body can know anything which is not already known.

5. Full Insurance Efficiency:

Insurance efficiency refers to the degree of hedging against future contingencies. The greater the possibility of hedging and reducing risk, the higher will be the efficiency of the market.

300+ TOP Tunnel Engineering Objective Questions and Answers

TUNNEL ENGINEERING Multiple Choice Questions :-

1. Circular section of tunnels is not suitable for
a) carrying water
b) non-cohesive soils
c) tunnels driven by shield method
d) placement of concrete lining
Ans: d

2. What is the correct sequence of the following events of construction of a shaft in rock ?
1. drilling and blasting
2. timbering
3. pumping
4. mucking
Select the correct answer using the codes given below Codes :
a) 1,2,3,4
b) 1,4,2,3
c) 2,1,4,3
d) 2,4,1,3
Ans: b

3. A good blast with a good yield is obtained if the cut hole is
a) normal to face
b) inclined at 45° to the face
c) inclined at 15° to the face
d) inclined at 30° to the face
Ans: b

4. As compared to a single free face, if a charge of explosive is placed equidistant from two faces, then the yield
a) remains same
b) decreases
c) increases by 2.25 times
d) increases by 3.5 times
Ans: c

5. Which of the following are percussion drills ?
(i) shot drill
(ii) diamond drill
(iii) wagon drill
(iv) churn drill Of these statements
a) (i) and (ii) are correct
b) (iii) and (iv) are coiTect
c) (i) and (iv) are correct
d) (ii) and (iii) are correct
Ans: b

6. Drifters can be used to drill
a) only up holes
b) only down holes
c) horizontal or up holes
d) horizor„al, down or up holes
Ans: d

7. If ‘N’ is the number of shafts used, then the total number of feces available for attacking the excavation and construction in tunnels are
a) 2N
b) N + 2
c) 2 N + 1
d) 2 N + 2
Ans: d

8. The correct sequence of drilling equipment for increasing size of holes in tunnels is
a) wagon drill, churn drill, shot drill
b) wagon drill, shot drill, churn drill
c) shot drill, churn drill, wagon drill
d) churn drill, wagon drill, shot drill
Ans: a

9. Which of the following is not a component of the shield ?
a) propelling jacks
b) liner plate
c) hood
d) tail
Ans: b

10. In compressed air tunneling, the volume of free air provided is
a) 6 mJ per second per m2 of face area
b) 6 m3 per minute per m2 of face area
c) 20 m3 per minute per m2 of face area
d) 6 m3 per hour per m2 of face area
Ans: b

11. Assertion A : English method of tunneling requires more time as compared to other methods of tunneling.
Reason R : In English method of tunneling, the masons and excavators have to work alternately.
Select your answer based on the coding system given below :
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Ans: a

12. American method of tunneling
i) is suitable for large sized tunnels
ii) is no,’ suitable for railway or highway tunnel’s
iii) requires heavy timbers Of these statements
a) only (i) is correct
b) (i) and (iii) are correct
c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
d) (i) and (ii) are correct
Ans: a

13. Which of the following lining material is useful for shield driven tunnels in sub aqueous regions ?
a) stone masonry
b) timber
c) cast iron
d) cement concrete
Ans: c

14. If ‘D’ is the diameter of tunnel in metres, then the thickness of lining in mm, as per the empirical formula is given by
a) 42 D
b) 82 D
c) 104 D
d) 124 D
Ans: b

15. Which one of the following tunnelling methods is used for laying under ground sewers ?
a) Needle beam method
b) Army method
c) German method
d) Italian method
Ans: b

Tunnel Engineering Interview Questions

16. Ribs are used for strengthening and stiffening the liner plate for tunnels of diameter greater than
a) 2 m
b) 3 m
c) 4 m
d) 5 m
Ans: b

17. The most suitable soil for compressed air tunneling is
a) silt
b) sand
c) clay
d) gravel
Ans: c

18. The needle beam method of tunneling
(i) is suitable for soils in which roof can stand for few minutes without support
(ii) is suitable for brick lining
(iii) is suitable for concrete lining
(iv) requires large number of trench jacks Of these statements
a) only (i) is correct
b) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
c) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct
d) (i) and (ii) are correct
Ans: b

19. Which of the following methods of tunneling is used for long tunnels at great depths ?
a) Army method
b) Needle beam method
c) Austrian method
d) English method
Ans: c

20. In Belgium method of tunnelling
a) construction of side walls is completed before invert and roof arch are built.
b) construction of roof arch is completed before side walls and invert are built.
c) construction of invert is completed before side walls and roof arch are built.
d) construction of invert and side walls is completed before roof arch is built.
Ans: b

21. What is the correct sequence of the following events in rock tunnelling?
1. marking tunnel profile
2. loading explosives and blasting
3. checking misfire
4. mucking
5. removing foul gas
6. setting up and drilling
7. guniting
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
Codes:
a) 1,6,5,3,4,2,7
b) 1,2,6,3,5,4,7
c) 1, 6,2, 5,4, 3, 7
d) 1,6,2,5,3,4,7
Ans: d

22. Drift method of tunnelling is used to construct tunnels in
a) soft grounds
b) rock
c) self supporting grounds
d) broken grounds
Ans: b

23. Consider the following situations.
1. Soil is soft.
2. Volume of existing surface traffic on the alignment is heavy.
3. Track is at a deeper level.
4. Water table is high.
In the construction of Metro Railways, “Cut and Cover” method of construction is suitable in situations listed at
a) 1 and 2
b) 1 and 3
c) 1 and 4
d) 2 and 3
Ans: c

24. Which one of the following is considered to be an advantage of the heading and benching method of tunnel construction?
a) It is suitable for construction in unstable rocks.
b) In this method, it is easy to install timber support.
c) Tunnelling can be continuous and the work can be expedited.
d) In case of excessive water, it is easy to take correct steps.
Ans: c

25. In “full face” method of constructing tunnels, the first operation relates to
a) removal of bottom portion
b) excavation of one drift in the centre
c) removal of top portion
d) excavation being done along the periphery
Ans: d

26. Which one of the following is a component of a shield for tunnelling ?
a) liner plate
b) trench jack
c) stiffener
d) cutting edge
Ans: d

27. Assertion A : When rock conditions are favorable, it will not be necessary to take up concrete lining concurrently with the driving operations till the full length of the tunnel has been driven through rock.
Reason R : A tunnel through rock, hard or soft, does not need any concrete lining.
Select your answer based on the coding system given below:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Ans: c

TUNNEL ENGINEERING Objective Type Questions and Answers pdf free download ::

[PDF Notes] The following are the important constituents of money market

Money market is not a homogeneous market. It is composed of heterogeneous sub-markets, each specialising in a specific short- term credit instrument. The following are the important constituents of money market:

1. Call Money Market:

The call money market deals with very short-period or call loans. Bill brokers and dealers in the stock exchange generally borrow money at call from the commercial banks.

These loans are granted for a very short period, not exceeding seven days in any case. The borrowers have to repay the loans immediately whenever the banks call them back. No collateral securities are required against these loans.

2. Collateral Loan Market:

Collateral loan market refers to a market for loans secured against collateral securities like stocks and bonds. The collateral is returned to the borrower at the time when he repays the loan. In case the borrower fails to repay the loan, the collateral becomes the property of the lender.

Collateral loans are mostly granted by the commercial banks to private parties in the market and for a short period of a few months. Sometimes smaller banks also receive collateral loans from bigger banks.

3. Acceptance Market:

Acceptance market is a market for banker’s acceptances. A banker’s acceptance is a draft drawn by a business firm upon a bank and accepted by it whereby the bank is required to pay to the order of a specific party or to the bearer a specific sum of money at a specific future date.

Banker’s acceptances are used mostly in financing the commercial transactions both within and outside the country.

The banker’s acceptance is different from a cheque in that while the former is payable at a specified future date, the letter is payable on demand. Banker’s acceptance can be easily sold or discounted in the money market, called acceptance market.

4. Bill Market:

Bill market specializes in the sale and purchase of different types of short-term papers or bills. The important types of bills are: (a) bills of exchange and (b) Treasury bills. Since discounting of bills is the main business in the bill market, it is also known as discount market.

It should be noted that the bill market does not deal with long-term treasury bonds and other long-term papers which involve long-term lending,

(i) Bill of exchange:

The bill of exchange is a written unconditional order signed by the drawer (seller) requiring the drawee (buyer) to pay on demand or at a fixed future date a definite sum of money. After the bill has been drawn by the drawer (seller), it is accepted by the drawee (buyer).

Once the buyer puts his acceptance on the bill, it becomes a legal document. Such bills of exchange are discounted and re-discounted by the commercial banks for lending credit to the bill brokers or for borrowing from the central banks.

(ii) Treasury Bills:

While the bill of exchange is a commercial paper, the Treasury bill is government paper. The treasury bills are short-term government securities generally of three months’ duration. They are sold by the central bank on behalf of the government.

They bear no interest rate and are offered on the basis of competitive bidding. Thus those who are satisfied with the lowest interest rate will be allotted the bills. Treasury bills, being government papers, inspire greater confidence among the investors.

400+ TOP Docks & Harbour Engineering MCQs and Answers

Docks and Harbour Engineering Multiple Choice Questions :-

1. Assertion A : Depth and width required at the entrance to a harbour are more than those required in the channel.
Reason R : The entrance to a harbour is usually more exposed to waves as compared to the harbour itself.
Select your answer based on the coding system given below:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of a.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of a.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
Answer: A

2. When a ship floats at its designed water line, the vertical distance from water line to the bottom of the ship is known as
A. beam
B. depth
C. freeboard
D. draft
Answer: D

3. The maximum harbour depth below lowest low water is generally equal to
(i) loaded draft + 1.2 m when bottom is rock
(ii) loaded draft + 1.8 m when bottom is soft
(iii) loaded draft + 1.2 m when bottom is soft
(iv) loaded draft + 1.8 m when bottom is rock
Of these statements
A. (i) and (ii) are correct
B. (i) and (iii) are correct
C. (ii) and (iv) are correct
D. (iii) and (iv) are correct
Answer: D

4. The minimum diameter of turning besin, where ships turn by going ahead and without tug assistance should be
A. L
B. 1.5 L
C. 2.0 L
D. 4.0 L
where L is the length of the largest ship to use the port
Answer: D

5. Dead weight tonnage of a ship
i) varies with latitude and season
ii) is more than displacement tonnage
iii) is the difference between displacement load and displacement light Of these statements
A. i) and ii) are correct
B. ii) and iii) are correct
C. i) and iii) are correct
D. Only iii) is correct
Answer: C

6. In basins subjected to strong winds and tide, the length of the berthing area should not be less than
A. the length of design vessel
B. the length of design vessel + 10% clearance between adjacent vessels
C. the length of design vessel + 20% clearance between adjacent vessels
D. twice the length of design vessel
Answer: C

7. As per Stevenson’s empirical formula, the approximate value of the height of the wave in metres is given by
A. 0.34 VF
B. 0.5 VF
C. 1.5 VF
D. 3.4 VF
where F is the fetch in km.
Answer: A

8. As per Berlin’s formula, the length of wave in metres is given by
A. 1.3412
B. 1.5612
C. 1.7412
D. 1.9412
where ‘t’ is the period in seconds for two successive waves to pass the same section.
Answer: B

9. Assertion A : Intervention of undulations in the sea bed reduces the depth of wave at the section.
Reason R : No wave can have a height greater than the depth of water through which it passes.
Select your answer based on the coding system given below:
A. Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
Answer: A

10. Consider the following statements in regard to Beaufort scale for wind speeds,
(i) The Beaufort number ranges from 1 to 12.
(ii) Higher Beaufort number indicates higher speed of wind,
(iii) Beaufort number for calm is smallest and for hurricane is highest Of these statements
A. (i) and (ii) are correct
B. (ii) and (iii) are correct
C. (i) and (iii) are correct
D. (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
Answer: B

11. At a given port, the fetch is 400 nautical miles, the maximum height of storm wave will be
A. 2.073 m
B. 8.169 m
C. 9.144 m
D. 6.8 m
Answer: C

12. In a two lane channel, bottom width of channel is given by
A. Manoeuvring lane + 2 x Bank clearance lane
B. 2 x Manoeuvring lane + 2 x Bank clearance lane
C. 2 x Manoeuvring lane + 2 x Bank clearance lane + ship clearance lane
D. Manoeuvring lane + 2 x Bank clearance lane + ship clearance lane
Answer: C

13. Minimum width of ship clearance shall be
A. B or 30 m
B. 1.5 B or 50 m
C. 1.5 B
D. 50 m
where “B” is beam of the design vessel
Answer: A

14. Select the incorrect statement.
A. The progress of work in low level method of mound construction is very slow.
B. Barge method of mound construction is economical.
C. In low level method of mound construction, the area of working is limited.
D. In staging method of mound cons-truction, the work is not interrupted even during stormy weather.
Answer: B

15. Assertion A : Marine structures are made specially bulky and strong.
Reason R : Sea insects result in undermining of the hardest and the soundest building material. Select your answer based on the coding system given below:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
Answer: A

16. The most popular method of construction of wall breakwaters is
A. Barge method
B. Staging method
C. Low level method
D. none of the above
Ans:

17. As compared to wall type breakwater, mound type breakwater
A. requires skilled labour
B. requires low maintenance cost
C. requires less material
D. results in less damage due to gradual failure
Answer: D

18. The difference in height between highest high water and lowest low water is called
A. mean range
B. maximum range
C. maximum rise
D. mean rise
Answer: B

19. If the maximum spring rise is 2 m and height of the waves expected is 4 m , then the breakwater height above the datum will be
A. 2.5 m
B. 4 m
C. 5 m
D. 7 m
Answer: D

20. If H is the height of the wave expected, then the height of the breakwater is generally taken as
A. 1.2 H to 1.25 H above the datum
B. 1.2 H to 1.25 H above the low water level
C. 1.2 H to 1.25 H above the high water level
D. 1.2 H to 1.25 H above the mean sea level
Answer: C

Docks and Harbor Engineering Interview Questions ::

21. Assertion A : Basin walls have to be of much grater height than dock walls.
Reason R : Tidal basins are subject to fluctuations of levels due to tidal variations.
Select your answer based on the coding system given below:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
Answer: A

22. In multiple point mooring system, vessel is secured to minimum of
A. two points
B. four points
C. six points
D. eight points
Answer: B

23. By increasing the rise of lockgates,
(i) the length of the lock gate will increase
(ii) transverse stress due to water pressure on the gate will increase
(iii) compressive force on the gate will increase Of these statements
A. (i) and (ii) are correct
B. (i) and (iii) are correct
C. Only (ii) is correct
D. Only (iii) is correct
Answer: A

24. Which of the following is a fixed type mooring accessory ?
A. bollard
B. buoys
C. cables
D. anchors
Answer: A

25. The significant wave height is defined is the average height of the
A. one – third highest waves
B. one – fourth highest waves
C. one – fifth highest waves
D. one – tenth highest waves
Answer: A

26. If Hs is the significant wave height, then the average wave height and highest wave height respectively are given by
A. 0.6 Hs and 1.67 Hs
B. 0.6 Hs and 1.87 Hs
C. 1.27 Hs and 1.87 Hs
D. 1.27 Hs and 1.67 Hs
Answer: B

27. When a wave strikes a vertical breakwater in deep water, it is reflected back and on meeting another advancing wave of similar amplitude merges and rises vertically in a wall of water. This phenomenon is called
A. Surf
B. Clapotis
C. Fetch
D. Swell
Answer: B

28. Which of the following structures are constructed parallel to shore line to develop a demarcating line between land area and water area ?
A. sea walls, bulk heads and groynes
B. sea walls, bulk heads and revetments
C. sea walls, revetments and groynes
D. bulk heads, revetments and groynes
Answer: B

29. Which of the following type of sea walls results in greatest protection of shore structures?
A. vertical sea wall
B. sea wall with batter
C. stepped sea wall
D. sea wall with concave face
Answer: D

30. Assertion A : Large size stones are required in stone revetment in shore protection.
Reason R : Resistance of stone to wave force is proportional to its volume and wave force is proportional to the exposed area of the stone.
Select your answer based on the coding system given below.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
Answer: A

31. Which of the following are repair docks ?
A. marine railways, dry docks, floating docks, wet docks
B. dry docks, wet docks, floating docks, lift docks
C. wet docks, floating docks, lift docks, marine railways
D. wet docks, lift docks, marine railways, dry docks
Answer: C

32. Which of the following structures protects the shore by trapping of littoral drift?
A. groynes
B. sea walls
C. revetments
D. moles
Answer: A

33. Which of the following conditions of loading imposes the greatest load on the foundation in case of dry docks?
A. when the dock is empty
B. when the dock is empty with the ship of maximum tonnage
C. when the dock is full of water
D. when the dock is dry and is under construction
Answer: C

34. For designing the dock, the proportion of ship load assumed to be borne by keel blocks is
A. 5/8
B. 3/8
C. 3/16
D. 5/16
Answer: A

35. A ship strikes the berth generally at an angle
A. 90° with the face of the dock
B. 45° with the face of the dock
C. 30° with the face of the dock
D. 10° with the face of the dock
Answer: D

36. Consider the following statements.
(i) Fender is the cushion provided on the face of the jetty for ships to come in contact,
(ii) Slip is the space of water area between two adjacent piers where ships are berthed,
(iii) Pier head is a structure constructed near the tip of a break water near the harbour entrance. Of the statements
A. (i) and (ii) are correct
B. (ii) and (iii) are correct
C. (i) and (iii) are correct
D. (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
Answer: D

37. A ship is berthed in a chamber and lifted by principles of buoyancy Such a chamber is called.
A. Dry dock
B. Wet dock
C. Floating dock
D. Refuge dock
Answer: C

38. For location of soundings a range and one angle from the shore involves the following operations. Which one is correct ?

A. A range line is established
B. The first and the last soundings and every tenth soundings are fixed by angular observations
C. The intermediate soundings are fixed by the time intervals
D. All the above.
Answer: D

39. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

A. the Mediterranean sea is considered to be a huge harbour
B. the Caspean sea is considered to be a big harbour
C. the Red sea is considered to be harbour
D. none of the above.
Answer: A

40. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

A. a harbour without any port complex, is called a refuge harbour
B. a harbour used for fishery, is called fishery harbour
C. the terminal building of a commercial harbour consists of an administrative block, customs clearance and ware-houses.
D. all the above.
Answer: D

41. Pick up the incorrect statement from the following:

A. As a wave of sea water approaches the coast line, it is generally accompanied by a drift of water in the direction of wave advance
B. The on-shore wind helps to produce wave action as well as rise of M.S.L.
C. A falling hydraulic gradient occurs in the direction of the wave
D. The wave while receding carries finer particles out to deep water.
Answer: C

42. In a wet dock system,

A. minimum required depth of water for the vessels is maintained
B. entrance locks are provided with massive gates
C. the locks of dock gate are operated by means of heavy bascule bridges and connected machinery
D. the cost of construction is quite heavy
E. all the above.
Answer: E

43. A roadstead :

A. is a protected area of water where boats can move safely
B. is the end of the road at the harbour
C. may be protected by break water walls
D. none of these.
Answer: A

44. The width of the entrances of the harbours is restricted to

A. 100 m
B. 125 m
C. 150 m
D. 180 m
Answer: D

45. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

A. The tides at any place occur a little less than 1 hour later, each succeeding day
B. The difference in time in solar hours and minutes from any lunar transit to the succeeding transit, is called high water level
C. The influence of the earth’s gravity alone produces level-tidal less sea
D. The spinning force is maximum at the equator and zero at the poles
E. All of the above.
Answer: E

46. Location of soundings by range and one angle is done by the surveyor

A. on the shore
B. on the boat
C. on the shore or on the boat
D. none of the above.
Answer: C

47. The variation of atmospheric potential is caused due to :

A. difference in temperature over the surface of the earth
B. change in the density of air
C. both (A) and (B)
D. neither (A) nor (B).
Answer: C

48. Location of soundings by two angles from the shore requires establishing

A. one range line parallel to shore
B. one range line perpendicular to shore
C. two range lines mutually perpendicular
D. no range line.
Answer: D

49. The floating mooring does not require

A. cables
B. anchors
C. bollard
D. buoy.
Answer: C

50. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

A. The maritime structures should be designed to withstand wave motion of air
B. The wind vortex results in conical depression in the air surface
C. A tube of air rotating at hundreds of kilometres per hour forms a tornado
D. all of the above.
Answer: D

51. In tropical regions,

A. the surface gets heated more effectively than the arctic areas
B. after heating, the air becomes lighter and is displaced by cool air from the polar regions
C. the rising tropical air flows towards the polar region in the upper strata
D. all of the above.
Answer: D

52. For large vessels, the buoys are strengthened by connecting it to a number of anchors having

A. one legged mooring
B. two legged mooring
C. three legged mooring
D. four legged mooring
E. all the types as above.
Answer: E

53. On the sea shore structures, the water wave impact causes

A. direct compressive force due to its horizontal component
B. shear force due to deflected vertical force
C. compressive force due to collapse of the wave
D. suction force due to water returning after striking
E. all of the above.
Answer: E

54. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

A. Spring tides are caused at new and full moon
B. Neap tides are caused when the moon is in her quarters
C. Spring tides are roughly twice the height of neap tides
D. Flood tides and Ebbstides are caused after 24 hours and 50 minutes corresponding to a lunar day
E. All of the above.
Answer: E

55. A dock:

A. is a marine structure for berthing of vessels for loading and unloading cargo and passengers
B. is an artificial basin for vessels where the variation of water in the shore does not affect the level of water
C. is provided with a dock gate
D. is provided with an arrangement to pump out water when required
E. all the above.
Answer: E

DOCKS and HARBOUR Engineering Objective Type Questions and Answers pdf free download ::

[PDF Notes] What are the Factors that lead London as International Centre of Finance?

Many factors contributed for the evolution and development of London as a famous international center of finance:

(i) Britain’s growing imperialist power during the 19th century increased its trade and commercial links with many countries of the world. Hence, London became a great international commercial and financial center.

(ii) England enjoyed continuous political stability for a long period which is a necessary precondition for economic growth and financial activities.

(iii) London had huge amounts of capital resources, part of which were earned by England through export surplus, and part were reserves of foreign governments held in London banks.

(iv) London had the tradition of meeting all its obligations in gold. Hence a bill on London generally used to function as an international currency due to IRS easy convertibility into gold.

(v) London has developed certain money market institutions, like, acceptance houses and discount houses. Other international finance centers (e.g., New York and Paris) do not have such institutions.

(w) London also had developed fully organised banking system which promoted confidence and attracted foreign capital.

(vi) London money market has always been a free market without any interference from the government.

300+ TOP DESIGN of MASONRY STRUCTURES MCQs Pdf

DESIGN of MASONRY STRUCTURES Multiple Choice Questions :-

1. If the ratio of center to center spacing of intersecting walls to actual thickness of
intersecting wall is more than 20, then the stiffening coefficient for wall proper will be
a) 0
b) between 0 and 1
c) 1
d) greater than 1
Ans: d

2. Maximum slenderness ratio of load bearing walls for a dwelling having more than 2 storeys
(i) shall not exceed 12 if lime mortar is used
(ii) shall not exceed 18 if cement lime mortar 1:2:9 is used
(iii) shall not exceed 24 if cement mortar 1:6 is used Of these statements
a) (i) and (ii) are correct
b) (ii) and (iii) are correct
c) (i) and (iii) are correct
d) (i) and (ii) and (iii) are correct
Ans: a

3. Where a structural component or a system is providing lateral support to five or more walls or columns, the lateral load to be resisted may be taken as
a) 4 percent
b) 5 percent
c) 6 percent
d) 7 percent
of the total vertical load on the most heavily loaded wall or column in the group.
Ans: d

4. The effective height of free standing nonload bearing wall and column respectively will be
a) 1.OH and 1.OH
b) 1.5Handl.5H
c) 2.0Handl.5H
d) 2.0H and 2.0H
where H is the height of wall or column between centers of supports.
Ans: d

5. If H is the height of wall between centers of supports, then the effective height of
wall where concrete floors have a bearing on wall irrespective of the direction of span will be
a) 0.75 H
b) 0.85 H
c) 1.0 H
d) 1.5 H
Ans: a

6. The thickness of each leaf of a cavity wall shall not be less than
a) 5 cm
b) 7.5 cm
c) 10 cm
d) 15 cm
Ans: b

7. If the horizontal cross-sectional area of a wall is 1200 cm2, then the basic stress shall be multiplied by a reduction factor equal to
a) 0 6
b) 0.75
c) 0.85
d) 0.95
Ans: c

8. A free standing brick wall 20 cm thick is subjected to a wind pressure of 75kg/m2. The maximum height of wall from stability consideration is
a) 0.64 m
b) 0.96 m
c) 1.28 m
d) 1.5 m
Ans:a

9. The bending stress in a wall or column subjected to effective vertical load need
not be considered, if the eccentricity ratio is
a) less than or equal to 1/24
b) less than or equal to 1/6
c) more than 1/24
d) less than or equal to 1/12
Ans:a

10. Assertion
A : For eccentricity ratio exceeding 1/6, effective thickness of masonry will get reduced.
Reason R : For eccentricity ratio exceeding 1/6, there will be tension on one side of the member. Select your answer according to the codes give below:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Ans:a

11. If the eccentricity ratio is more than 1/24, then increase in the permissible stress in the design of wall subjected to eccentric loading as per code is
a) 10%
b) 25%
c) 33 1/3%
d) 50%
Ans:b

12. For designing masonry components of a structure, seismic forces provision in the design calculation is not necessary for buildings constructed in
a) Zone I only
b) Zone I and II
c) Zone I, II and III
d) Zone I, II, III and IV
Ans:b

13. The mode of failure of a very short masonry member having h/t ratio of less than 4 is by
a) shear
b) vertical tensile splitting
c) buckling
d) any of the above
Ans:a

14. Assertion A : From consideration of structural soundness and economy of design, most codes control the maximum slenderness ratio of masonry walls and columns.
Reason R : By controlling the maximum slenderness ratio, failure is by excessive stress and not by buckling. Select your answer according to codes given below:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not .the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Ans:a

15. The timber floor not spanning on the masonry wall but properly anchored to the wall gives
a) lateral restraint but not rotational restraint
b) rotational restraint but not lateral restraint
c) both lateral and rotational restraints
d) neither lateral nor rotational restraint
Ans:a

16. Full restraint is provided by
(i) foundation footing of a wall
(ii) timber floor spanning on the wall and anchored to the wall
(iii) RCC slab with a minimum bearing of 10 cm on the wall Of these statements
a) (i) and (iii) are correct
b) (i) and (ii) are correct
c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
Ans:d

17. Minimum thickness of stiffening wall for 1 to 3 storeys shall not be less than
a) 10 cm
b) 15 cm
c) 20 cm
d) 30 cm
Ans:a

18. Which of the following will give higher ratio of brickwork strength to mortar strength ?
a) 1 : % : 3
b) 1 : Vz: 4>/2
c) 1:1:6
d) 1:2:9
Ans:d

19. Assertion A : Lime based mortars give higher ratio of brickwork strength to mortar strength as compared to non-lime mortar.
Reason R : Lime based mortars have lower bond strength as compared to non-lime mortars.
Select your answer according to the codes given below:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Ans:c

20. For masonry work with solid bricks, consistency of mortar should be
a) 5 to 8 cm
b) 9 to 13 cm
c) 14 to 18 cm
d) 19 to 23 cm
Ans:b

21. Water retentivity for brick masonry should not be less than
a) 50%
b) 60%
c) 70%
d) 80%
Ans:c

22. Minimum compressive strength in N/mm2 for H1 type mortar used for masonry is
a) 3
b) 5
c) 7.5
d) 10
Ans:d

23. Rich cement mortars are more liable to cracking as compared to lean mortars because rich mortars have
a) high shrinkage
b) less strength
c) both (a) and (b)
d) none of above
Ans:a

24. Cement mortars richer than 1 : 3 are not used in masonry because
(i) there is no gain in strength of
masonry (ii) there is high shrinkage (iii) they are prone to segregation Of these statements
a) Only (ii) is correct
b) (i) and (ii) are correct
c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
Ans:b

25. For earthquake resistant masonry buildings, the vertical distance between openings one above the other in a load bearing wall shall not be less than
a) 50 cm
b) 60 cm
c) 75 cm
d) 100 cm
Ans:b

Design of Masonry Structures Interview Questions

26. For earthquake resistant masonry buildings, where seismic coefficient is less than 0.08, the horizontal distance between two openings shall not be less than
a) Vt x height of shorter opening
b) Vt x height of longer opening
c) Ax height of shorter opening
d) Vi x height of longer opening
Ans:a

27. Consider the following statements regarding bands to be provided for strengthening masonry work in masonry buildings constructed in zone III, IV and V. (i) Lintel band is provided at lintel level on partition walls, (ii) Gable band is provided at top of gable masonry below the purlins, (iii) The bands shall be to full width of the wall and not less than 7.5 cm in depth, (iv) The bands shall be made of reinforced concrete only. Of these statements, the correct statements are
a) (i) and (ii)
b) (i) and (iii)
c) (ii) and (iv)
d) (ii) and (iii)
Ans:d

28. In a cavity wall, both leaves of which are load bearing, the effective thickness is taken as
a) sum of thickness of both leaves
b) two-third of the sum of thickness of both the leaves
c) actual thickness of the stronger leaf
d) larger of (b) and (c)
Ans:d

29. Assertion A : Limiting value of slenderness ratio for a column is less than that of a wall.
Reason R : A column can buckle around either of the two horizontal axes while a wall can buckle around only one axis. Select your answer according to the codes given below:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Ans:a

30. Consider the following statements regarding provision of chases in masonry,
(i) No chase should be permitted in a half brick load-bearing wall,
(ii) Vertical chases should not be closer than 2 m in any stretch of a wall,
(iii) Chases should be provided near to bearings of beams and lintels. Of these statements
a) (i) and (ii) are correct
b) (i) and (iii) are correct
c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
Ans:a

31. Consider the following statements :
The use of relatively weak mortar
1. will accommodate movements due to loads and, cracking if any, and will be distributed as thin hair cracks which are less noticeable or harmful.
2. will result in reduction of stresses due to differential expansion of masonry units.
Of these statements
a) 1 alone is correct
b) 2 alone is correct
c) both 1 and 2 are correct
d) neither 1 nor 2 is correct
Ans:c

32. In the case of panel wall subjected to horizontal loads at right angles to the plane of the wall, with the mortar not leaner than Ml type, tensile stress in bending in the vertical direction may be allowed to the extent of
a) 0.4 kg/cm2
b) 0.7 kg/cm2
c) 1.0 kg/cm2
d) 1.2 kg/cm2
Ans:c

33. For strengthening a 50 m long and 5 m high straight compound wall built in brick work, which one of the following would be most suitable?
a) providing buttresses at certain intervals
b) providing a deeper foundation
c) using a richer mortar
d) using stronger bricks
Ans:a

34. Consider the following statements : Sand in mortar is needed for
1. decreasing the quantity of cement.
2. reducing shrinkage.
3. decreasing the surface area of the binding material.
4. increasing the strength.
Of these statements:
a) 2, 3 and 4 are correct
b) 1,2 and 3 are correct
c) 1,3 and 4 are correct
d) 1,2 and 4 are correct
Ans:

35. Consider the following statements:
A high lime content in a composite cement-lime mortar results in
1. slow hardening.
2. quick setting.
3. weaker mortar. Of these statements
a) 2 and 3 are correct
b) 1 and 2 are correct
c) 1 and 3 are correct
d) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
Ans:c

36. The mortars used for masonry construction are classified based on strength in IS 2250 and IS 1905 according
to their designations L1,L2, H1, H2, M, M2.
The correct sequence of increasing order of their strengths is
a) LLLZ.HLHI.MLMJ
b) L2,L,,M2>Mi,H2)H,
c) M,,M2, H,,H2,Li,L2
d) L2,L,,M,,M2,H,,H2
Ans: b

37. Direct load carrying capacity of a brick masonry wall standing freely as against when it supports RC slab will be
a) more
b) less
c) the same in both the cases
d) 100%
Ans:b

38. A 200 mm thick wall made of modular bricks is 5 m long between cross walls and 3.8 m clear height between RCC slabs at top and bottom. The slenderness ratio of the wall is
a) 15
b) 19
c) 20
d) 25
Ans:a

39. A 200 mm thick brick masonry wall made of modular bricks carries an axial load of 30 kN/m from wall above and an eccentric load of 20 kN/m from RCC floor acting at a distance of 47.5 mm from the centre line of the wall. The resultant eccentricity ratio is
a) b) c) d)
0.090
0.095
0.100
0.105
Ans:c

40.The basic stress in masonry units having height to width ratio of 1.5 may be increased by a factor of
a) 1.2
b) 1.4
c) 1.6
d) 2.0
Ans:c

41. Assertion A : For identical strength, a composite cement-lime mortar is preferred over cement mortar.
Reason R : Composite cement-lime mortar has higher drying shrinkage than cement mortar.
Select your answer based on the codes given below. Codes:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Ans:c

42. Consider the following statements:
1. Masonry in rich cement mortar though having good strength with high shrinkage is much liable for surface cracks.
2. Lime mortar possesses poor workability and poor water retentivity and also suffers high shrinkage.
3. Masonry in lime mortar has better resistance against rain penetration and is less liable to crack when compared to masonry in cement mortar.
Which of these statements are correct?
a) 1,2 and 3
b) 1 and 2
c) 2 and 3
d) 1 and 3
Ans:d

43. For masonry built in 1:1:6 cement-lime-sand mix mortar or equivalent, the horizontal shear stress permissible on the area of a mortar bed joint is
a) 0.15 MPa
b) 0.125 MPa
c) 0.1 MPa
d) 0.075 MPa
Ans:a