[Physics Class Notes] on Ductility Pdf for Exam

In science of the materials, ductility is defined by the degree to which a material can generally sustain plastic deformation under stress tensile before failure. The property which is said to be of ductility is an important consideration in manufacturing and engineering as well which is defining a material’s suitability, which is for certain manufacturing operations. That is such as cold working and its capacity to absorb mechanical overload. In this article we will discuss properties like ductility. The materials that are generally described as the term ductile include copper and gold.

Is Ductility A Physical Property

The term that is ductility is the Capacity of a material to deform permanently that is stretch, bend, or it can be spread in response to stress.  And therefore we can say that it fractures easily. When a material specimen is stressed then it plastically deforms we can see elasticity at first that is above a certain deformation which is known as the elastic limit of the deformation becomes permanent.

The materials that are easily deformed even without breaking when they are put under mechanical pressure are considered to be malleable. The materials that are easily deformed when they are put under tensile stress are considered to be ductile.

The word malleable comes from the latin medieval malleability which itself came from the original Latin malleare that is meaning “to hammer.”

Since these materials do not break while it is being deformed that they can be forced into different shapes or sheets that are thin. This can be done by hammering as well as rolling or pressing.

A common very example for this is of a material that is malleable is gold which is often compressed into a leaf of gold for use in art as well as architecture, jewelry, and even food. There are other malleable metals which include iron, and copper, aluminum, silver, and lead, as well as the transition metal zinc at certain temperatures. There are many materials that are very malleable and are also very ductile, and it generally leads to an exception which is with low ductility and high malleability.

They are closely related to the concept of malleability that is said to be ductility. While the term that is malleability has to do with compressive stress or mechanical pressure and ductility relates to tensile stress or mechanical stretching.

Something we notice is ductile which is sometimes also known as tractile that can be easily stretched or drawn out into a thin wire. Copper is a very good ductile material and is a very good example of both malleability and ductility which is able to be pressed and rolled into sheets as well as stretched into wires.

The metals are often mixed as we mix the alloys to improve their physical properties. There is high-tensile steel which is an example of an alloy that has higher ductility than any of its component metals. And it is said to be often used in airplanes and cars and other engineering applications.

Is Ductility Physical or Chemical

The term that is ductility is a property that is physical of matter as it can be measured or observed without the substance undergoing a change which is chemical. 

The property that is said to be of ductility is the ability of a material that is solid to stretch under tensile stress. That is for example when metal is stretched into a wire. The nature of the metal isn’t changed in this case. When we are trying to distinguish between physical and chemical properties which keep in mind that chemical properties are generally only observable when a material undergoes a chemical change. For example, the properties that are said to be chemical are flammability and the tendency to corrode and reactivate this is with a particular class of chemicals. A property that is the chemical of most metals is that they react with acids. There are some examples of physical properties which don’t involve chemical change that is said to be melting and boiling points density and color. 

The property that is said to be of ductility is a physical property that is of a material which is associated with the ability to be hammered thin or we can say stretched into wire without breaking it. There is a ductile substance that can be drawn into a wire.

For example, there are metals that are not very ductile including tungsten and high-carbon steel. That is the nonmetals and is not generally ductile.

The scalability and the ductility are not the same terms. We can think of ductility as the capacity of a material to be drawn into a wire or anything which is without fracturing. A material that is malleable can be pounded into a very thin sheet. Most metals are both malleable and ductile.

The fusion generally reactors and turbine engines contain components made of metals that are ductile at high temperatures. But it generally becomes brittle and prone to cracking at room temperature. This is the brittleness that can lead to machine failures that are both dangerous to fix and expensive as well. New theoretical calculations there are now show that an unexpected route that is for making certain alloyed metals that are more ductile at room temperature is to tune their density of electrons conduction.

Examples of Ductile Materials

1. Iron: It is a grey, ductile and malleable metal. It has magnetic properties and extreme hardness and density, and so, in its pure state, it cannot be useful. It is alloyed with carbon to obtain a variety of steels, which may be more or less ductile based on the proportion of the elements present in it. 

2. Wood: It is a fairly ductile organic material. Its ductility depends on its nature, the percentage of moisture in it, and the location of the knots. Being fibrous, it can be easily opened by forces perpendicular to its grain.

3. Clay: Clay is very ductile. It is a plastic substance composed of calcium, petroleum jelly, and aliphatic compounds is characterized by its ability to be deformed without breaking.

4. Copper: This metal, along with gold and silver, are the best metal conductors of electricity. This is why it is the preferred metal in electrical cables and electronic components since it is ductile, malleable, and economically.

5. Platinum: This heavy, malleable and ductile metal is very ductile. It is a precious element in jewelry, and for corrosion resistance in laboratories. It is not used in electrical activity due to its high cost. 

6. Zinc: It enjoys high ductility and malleability. Zinc can be rolled, stretched, and deformed. The presence of minimal contaminants from other elements though is enough to make it brittle. It is an essential element in the alloys like brass.

7. Lead: This metallic element is used as a cable cover because of its unique ductility. It can be stretched based on what the needs are.

8. Brass: It is an alloy of copper and zinc, characterized by very high ductility. It is an ideal material for the manufacture of containers and tools that do not require extreme hardness. 

Other examples of ductile materials
are steel, aluminum, and magnesium, among others.