[Physics Class Notes] on Glassware Pdf for Exam

Introduction on Glassware

Glass is an organic solid material that is usually translucent or transparent to the natural elements. It is an amorphous solid. It is most often formed by the rapid cooling of the molten form: some glasses such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring. It is made from abundant and natural raw materials that are melted at very high temperatures to form a new material. Glass is a brittle, hard,non-crystalline substance that is used to make drinking containers, windows, and other articles. In this article, we will discuss what is glassware, the formula of glass uses of glass and glass composition.

What Is Glassware?

()

It is one of the versatile and oldest human-created tools by man. It is defined as objects or containers made from glass. Scientifically, every solid with a non-crystalline amorphous structure which exhibits a glass transition when heated towards the liquid state is called glass. Glassware is manufactured from opaque sand but is completely transparent. It is widely used in various fields like decorative, laboratories, technological usage, and household products. Production of glassware involves two main methods:

Float Glass Process

In this process, a sheet of glass made by floating molten gases on a bed of molten metal is used. Usually, tin is used for this process, but lead and other various low melting point alloys were used in the past. This method gives very flat surfaces and maintains the uniform thickness of the sheet. This process is also known as the Pilkington process. Float glass is used in the following.

Fine ingredients are mixed to make a batch that flows on to molten gases at 1500°C in the melter, lasting as long as 50 hours free from bubbles, smoothly to the float bath. Float makes a glass of near optical quantity.

Glass from the melter gently flows over a spout to the mirror-like surface of tin starting at 1200°C, leaving the float bath ribbon at 600°C.

It makes profound changes in optical properties can be applied by advanced temperature technology to the cooling ribbon of the glass

The ribbon undergoes heat treatment in a furnace known as a Lehr to relieve stresses.

The float process is renowned for making perfectly flat glass. But to ensure the good quality, an inspection takes place at every stage

It is sold by the square meter. Diamonds wheels trim off stressed edges and cut the ribbon to size.

Glassblowing

It is a glass-forming technique that humans have used to shape glass. It consists of inflating molten glass with a blowpipe to form a sort of glass bubble that can be molded into various glassware for practical purposes. The step by step manufacturing of glassware by glassblowing is:

The glass is placed in the furnace that heats it to a 2000°C degree makes it malleable.

The next step is to roll the molten glass on a flat metal slab also known as marver. This acts as a means to control the shape and temperature of the glass.

To give the glass design and color, it’s dropped in crushed color glass, which fuses to the main glass immediately, after this taken back to the Marvel where it is rolled again.

The final step is to remove the glass from a glass pipe. Steel tweezers called jacks are used to separate the bottom part of the blown gas.

Take the blown gas to the annealing overusing heat resistant gloves. This allows the glass to cool down over several hours.

Glass Composition & Formula of Glass

It does not have a specific chemical formula. Rather, it is a description of the molecular structure of the material. The chemical composition can be almost anything it can be all silicon dioxide, it can be all metal atoms or it can be all non-metals atoms. Glass is made from abundant and natural raw materials that are melted at very high temperature. Commercial glasses are made from three main materials- sand, limestone, and sodium carbonate.

Uses of Glass

• Windows and doors

• In tableware (cups, bowls, plates)

• Insulation

• Interior design and furniture element

• In automotive-like aircraft, ships, etc.

• X-ray and gamma rays radiation.