[Physics Class Notes] on Liquid – State of Matter Pdf for Exam

A state of matter is one of the many different forms that matter can take. In daily life, four states of matter are visible: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. There are three states of matter. The properties of solid, liquid, and gas are mentioned below. The 3 states of matter examples are wood, gold, water, Nitrogen, Oxygen. Solid, Liquid gas are three characters by which life is surrounded.

The Different States of Matter

Solid 

Constituent particles (ions, electrons, or molecules) are tightly packed together in a solid. The forces between particles are so strong that they can only vibrate rather than travel freely. As a consequence, a solid has a definite volume and a stable, definite form. Solids may only change their shape when subjected to an external force, such as being broken or sliced.

Melting solids into liquids and freezing liquids into solids are also possible transformations. Sublimation is a process that allows solids to convert directly into gases, and deposition is a process that allows gases to transform directly into solids.

Properties of Solids:

Solids are defined by their structural rigidity and resistance to shape or volume changes. 

A solid material, unlike a liquid, does not flow into the form of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it, as gas does. The atoms in a solid are closely bound to each other, either in a normal geometric lattice (crystalline solids, such as metals and ordinary water ice).

Liquid

A liquid is a virtually incompressible fluid that conforms to its container’s shape while maintaining a (nearly) constant volume regardless of pressure. If the temperature and pressure remain constant, the volume is fixed. When a solid is heated past its melting point and the pressure is greater than the substance’s triple point, it becomes liquid. While intermolecular (or interatomic or interionic) forces still exist, the molecules have enough energy to travel about and the structure is mobile. This implies that the form of a liquid is determined by its container rather than the liquid itself. The volume is typically greater than that of the equivalent solid, with water (H2O) being the most well-known exception. The critical temperature of a liquid is the maximum temperature at which it can live. The liquid state of matter is a transition between solid and gaseous states. There are 3 states of water that are ice(solid), liquid as water, gas as vapour.

Properties of Liquid:

Liquids are almost impervious to compression. Molecules in liquids are very similar to one another.

Liquids have a constant volume but no constant form.

Liquids flow from one stage to the next.

In normal circumstances, liquids have boiling points that are higher than room temperature.

Gas 

Gas is a substance that can be compressed. Gas will not only adhere to the shape of the container it is in, but it will also expand to fill it.

The molecules in a gas have enough kinetic energy that intermolecular forces have a small effect (or none at all in an ideal gas), and the average distance between adjacent molecules is much larger than the molecular dimension. A gas has no distinct form or length, but it takes up the entire volume of the container in which it is stored. A liquid may be converted to a gas by heating it to boiling point at constant pressure, or by lowering the pressure at a constant temperature.

A vapour is a gas that can be liquefied by compression alone without cooling at temperatures below its critical temperature. When vapour and a liquid (or solid) are in equilibrium, the gas pressure equals the vapour pressure of the liquid (or solid).

Properties of Gas:

They’re easy to compact, extend to fill their tanks, and take up a lot more room than the liquids or solids from which they’re made.

Plasma 

Plasma is the 4th state of matter. Plasma, like a gas, has no specified form or volume. Plasmas, unlike gases, are electrically conductive, generate magnetic fields and electric currents, and are sensitive to electromagnetic forces. Positively charged nuclei float in a “sea” of freely travelling disassociated electrons, similar to how such changes occur in conductive metal, where the electron “sea” allows plasma to conduct electricity.

Gas is typically converted to plasma in one of two ways: either by exposing it to extremely high temperatures or by creating a significant voltage gap between two points. As the matter is heated to high temperatures, electrons exit the atoms and are released, resulting in the presence of free electrons. This results in a partly ionized plasma. The plasma state is frequently misunderstood, and although it does not occur openly on Earth, it is frequently created by lightning, electric sparks, fluorescent lights, neon lights, and plasma televisions. The corona of the Sun, certain forms of flame, and stars are all examples of plasma-state illuminated matter.

Change of State of Matter 

It is referred to as the change of state of matter. In which one state can be converted to another and so on. The examples are mentioned below:

1. Condensation: 

It is the process of converting a gaseous state to a liquid state.

2. Evaporation:  

It is the process of converting a liquid state to a gaseous state.

3. Solidification: 

It is the process of converting the liquid state to the solid-state.

4. Sublimation: 

It is the process of converting a solid-state directly to a gaseous state without going to the liquid state.

Mechanical Properties of Fluid

• Fluids, such as liquids and gases, are substances that can flow. It doesn’t have a defined form.

• When an object is immersed in a liquid at rest, the fluid generally exerts a force on its surface. It is known as liquid thrust.

• Pressure is defined as the push experienced per unit area of a liquid’s surface at rest.

• The pressure at any location in the liquid is determined by the depth below the surface, the density of the liquid, and gravity’s acceleration.

• The pressure exerted to a confined liquid, according to Pascal’s Law, is communicated in its entirety to every section of the liquid as well as the walls of the containing vessel.

• When a body is partially or entirely submerged in a liquid, it loses weight. The weight loss of the body in the liquid equals the weight of the liquid displaced by the submerged section of the body.

• If the weight of the liquid displaced by the submerged section of the body equals the weight of the body, the body floats in a liquid.

• Viscosity is a fluid quality that cause
  s an internal frictional force to be generated when the fluid is in motion in the form of layers with relative motion. It works against the relative mobility of several layers. Fluid friction is another name for viscosity.

• According to Stokes’ equation, the backward dragging force acting on a tiny spherical body of radius r travelling with velocity v through a viscous medium with a coefficient of viscosity is given by F = 6r.

• The force of surface tension is defined as the force acting per unit length of a line drawn on the liquid surface and parallel to it.

• It is provided by Surface tension is measured in Nm-1 units and has the dimensional formula [MT-2].

Mechanical Properties of Solid

Mechanical properties of solids elaborate on qualities such as deformation resistance and strength. Strength is an object’s capacity to endure applied stress, or how far it can withstand the force. The resistance to deformation of an item is its resistance to changing shape. If the object’s resistance to deformation is low, it can quickly change shape, and vice versa. As a result, some of the mechanical characteristics of solids are as follows:

1. Elasticity: When we stretch an object, it changes shape, and when we release it, it returns to its original shape. Or, to put it another way, it is the ability to return to its previous shape once an external force is eliminated.

2. Plasticity: When an object alters its form and does not return to its previous shape even after an external force is eliminated. It is a permanent deformation trait.

3. Ductility: The ductile qualities of a material are those that allow it to be dragged in thin sheets, wires, or plates. It has the ability to be drawn into thin sheets/plates/wires.

4. Strength: The capacity to endure applied force without breaking down. Many types of items are more powerful than others.