[Physics Class Notes] on Scientific Methods Pdf for Exam

Have you ever wondered what steps do scientists follow to give such amazing theories and inventions? The immense knowledge and world-transforming theories that the scientific society provides us are incredible indeed. Sometimes these theories and experiments can even shake the roots of our understanding. We can find the answers to our unanswered questions through science. In a real sense, this field plays a crucial role in advancing our civilization and building a better future for ourselves. It is all thanks to the scientific methods that we can enjoy such a comfortable life that was never possible before. So you must be thinking, what is the scientific method? To understand and discuss the essential methods of Scientific method of research and scientific method steps, we must first understand the scientific method definition physics.    

Scientific Method Definition

What is the scientific method? Well, the scientific method definition states that a method that is devised to gather knowledge and further develop the field of science is known as the scientific method. This rigorous process involves several steps, mainly  8 steps of the scientific method in order. We have been using this process since the 17th century for the development of science. It involves using observation scepticism since assumptions can twist the things that we observe. Scientists use observations to formulate their hypotheses and perform experiments regarding the same. Going through several processes, they refine their hypothesis to give accurate results. Some of these are investigation, verification, and construction of reliable observation and theories. They often use scientific inquiry to create a reliable framework and based upon that bring out the positive or negative results scientifically. Let us discuss the essential methods of Scientific method of research. We will further look at a scientific method example, scientific method steps, and definitions. 

Who invented the Scientific Method?

The scientific method was not invented by one person. It is the result of centuries of discussions and debate on how best to find out how the world works.

Greek philosopher Aristotle was one the first ones to push for the application of observation and reasoning to figure out the workings of nature. Arab mathematician and scientist Hasan Ibn al-Haytham is cited as the first one to write about the importance of experimentation. 

Over centuries, many scientists like Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton, John Hume, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Aquinas, among others, have written about how science should ideally be conducted, leading to our modern understanding of the scientific method. As today’s scientists continue to explore new techniques and areas of science, the scientific method continues to evolve.

What are the Scientific Method Steps?

To discuss the essential methods of the Scientific method of research, we will have to look at the steps objectively through a broad perspective.

 

The scientific method is applied in all sciences, including biology, physics, chemistry, geology and psychology. However, their core approach towards finding answers that are logical and supported by evidence are the same because at the core of all sciences lies a problem-solving approach.

The scientific method has five steps and one feedback step: 

1. Make an observation

2. Ask a question

3. Form a hypothesis

4. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis

5. Test the prediction

6. Then the additional step of iteration or using the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.

Generally, all scientific methods follow this same pattern. 

Let’s take a Closer look at the Steps involved in the Scientific Method:

• Formulate a Question Based on Observation: This is the initial step of the scientific method that involves observing every aspect of the phenomenon. And then based on these observations formulate the relevant questions regarding the aspect of the topic. Suppose if we were to observe a natural phenomenon such as the colour of the sky, then we can ask questions such as why is the colour of the sky blue?. These observations and evidence will help formulate the right question that will affect the outcome in turn.

• Collect Data: The next step consists of collecting all the required data and doing background research. A thorough research will help you find the best ways and methods to go about the subject matter. Studying theories, previous experiments, findings and possibilities ensures that you don’t repeat mistakes made by people in the past.

• Form Hypothesis: Form a hypothesis (a conjecture explaining any given behaviour) based on the collected information. It can be very specific or cover a broad spectrum—for example, unknown species at the depths of the ocean. There are several types of hypothesis, such as null, alternative, statistical, etc. A hypothesis must be in such a way so that there can be a different possible result as deduced from the hypothesis.

• Experimentation: We must perform a thorough investigation of observations and hypotheses so that we can know whether our theory behaves similarly in the real world or not. This observation can be achieved through rigorous testing and experiments. Your experiment tests whether your prediction is accurate and whether your hypothesis is correct or not. It is also important to repeat the test several times to be sure that the results are accurate and consistent, and not just an accident.

• Analyze the Result: After getting the results through testing and experimentation, we must analyze it thoroughly. So we can determine our next step. The results are compared to the predictions given by the hypothesis in the earlier stages. If the result comes out to be false, then we form a new hypothesis. And if the result is not adequate, then we perform further experiments.

Scientific Method Example

Let us look at a scientific method example to understand the process. The topic is growing a money plant. 

1. Observation and Question: We want to find out how the environment affects the growth of a money plant in a time frame of five weeks.

2. Hypothesis: The hypothesis would be that money plants can grow anywhere regardless of the environment.

3. Experimentation: An experiment would be to take four money plants in different pots. And keep two of them inside and the remaining outside. We will Keep the initial conditions such as soil quality, amount of sunlight, amount of water, etc.
   constant. Upon completion of five weeks, we will observe all the plants and measure their size.

4. Analyzing: We will analyze the data such as the growth of plants, height, etc. and compare the results from the two environments to determine which is better suited for the purpose.

5. Conclusion: We can draw a logical conclusion from the analyzed data and form a relevant report.