urinary system questions and answers pdf
1. Which of the following are not found in the glomerular filtrate?
A. Glucose
B. Protein
C. Uric acid
D. Creatinine
2. Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys?
A. Urea
B. Uric acid
C. Creatine
D. Creatinine
3. Which of these has the highest concentration in the urine?
A. Glucose
B. Sodium
C. Uric acid
D. Phosphate
4. Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium?
A. Chloride
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Magnesium
5. The last part of a nephron is the _____.
A. Collecting Duct
B. Renal papilla
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Glomerulus
6. Which area actually secretes renin into the blood?
A. Macula densa
B. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
C. Juxtaglomerular cells
D. Cortical nephron
7. Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron?
A. Efferent arteriole
B. Vasa recta
C. Peritubular capillary
D. Interlobular vein
8. Which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle?
A. Vasa recta
B. Peritubular capillaries
C. Interlobular arteries
D. Efferent arterioles
9. What is the average glomerular filtration rate?
A. 10 L per day
B. 180 L per day
C. 1,500 ml per day
D. 1 ml per minute
10. Which of the following is usually not found in the urine?
A. Magnesium
B. Urea
C. Uric acid
D. Glucose
11. How much urine is formed in 24 hours?
A. 12 liters
B. 100 ml
C. 1.5 L
D. 3,000 cc
12. Renin acts on _____ to convert it to angiotensin I.
A. Angiotensin II
B. Angiotensinogen
C. ACE
D. Aldosterone
13. The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and _____.
A. Nerves
B. Adrenal cortex
C. Adrenal medulla
D. Kidney nephron
14. Tubular re-absorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the _____.
A. Loop of Henle
B. Peritubular capillaries
C. Renal corpuscle
D. Renal pyramid
15. Most tubular re-absorption occurs at the _____.
A. Loop of Henle
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Proximal convoluted tubule
D. Glomerulus
16. Where are most micro-villi found?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Loop of Henle
D. Proximal convoluted tubule
17. Which of the following occurred by active transport?
A. Albumin in the urine
B. Creatinine in the urine
C. Re-absorption of water at the proximal tubule
D. Re-absorption of amino acids
18. Which of these does not operate under a renal threshold mechanism?
A. Creatinine
B. Ascorbic acid
C. Sodium
D. Citric acid
19. The action of aldosterone is to increase _____.
A. Sodium elimination
B. Sodium reabsorption
C. Potassium reabsorption
D. Chloride excretion
20. How much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron?
A. 10%
B. 1%
C. 70%
D. 99%
21. The outermost covering of the kidney is the _____.
A. Cortex
B. Medulla
C. Pelvis
D. Capsule
22. The kidneys are located in the _____ space.
A. Pelvic cavity
B. Peritoneal cavity
C. Abdominal
D. Retro-peritoneal
23. The entrance into the kidney is called the _____.
A. Sinus
B. Column
C. Hilum
D. Pyramid
24. Which structure is the first to collect the urine?
A. Pelvis
B. Calyx
C. Ureter
D. Urethra
25. Each minor calyx receives urine from the _____.
A. Renal papillae
B. Pelvis
C. Ureter
D. Columns
26. The renal pyramids are located within the _____.
A. Column
B. Cortex
C. Medulla
D. Pelvis
27. The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by _____.
A. Parallel blood vessels
B) Micro-tubules
C. Connective tissue
D. Nerve fibers
28. The kidney secretes ___ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity.
A. Renin
B. Aldosterone
C. Erythropoietin
D. Somatomedin
29. The kidney secretes ___, which is an enzyme hormone that raises blood pressure.
A. Aldosterone
B. Renin
C. Angiotensinogen
D. Angiotensin II
30. Uric acid results from _____ metabolism.
A. Protein
B. Carbohydrate
C. Purine
D. Pyrimidine
31. Renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the _____ into the distal convoluted tubule.
A. Loop of Henle
B. Glomerulus
C. Vasa recta
D) Peritubular capillaries
32. Which of these is not usually secreted by the kidneys?
A) Creatine
B. Creatinine
C. H +
D. Penicillin
33. The compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is _____.
A. Creatinine
B) Insulin
C. Para-aminohippuric acid
D. Creatine
34. Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids?
A. Urea
B. Uric acid
C. Glycine
D) Ketone
35. Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of _____ into the urine.
A. Glucose
B. Uric acid
C) Albumin
D. Ascorbic acid
36. What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder?
A. Gravity
B. Hydrostatic pressure
C) Peristalsis
D. Osmotic pressure
37. Renal calculi are usually comprised of the following except which one?
A. Calcium oxalate
B. Cholesterol
C. Uric acid
D. Magnesium phosphate
38. The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of _____.
A. Smooth muscle
B. Squamous epithelium
C) Transitional epithelium
D. Simple columnar epithelium
39. Which of these is under voluntary control?
A. Urethra
B. Detrusor muscle
C. Internal sphincter
D) External sphincter
40. The micturition reflex is centered in the _____.
A. Medulla
B) Sacral cord
C. Hypothalamus
D. Lumbar cord
41. What is the function of the renal system?
A. Maintain blood pH
B. Regulate blood pressure
C. Control blood concentration
D. All of these
42. How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys?
A. 10%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 65%
43. Which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex?
A. Interlobular artery
B. Arcuate artery
C. Interlobar artery
D. Efferent arteriole
44. The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and _____.
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Bowman’s capsule
C. Loop of Henle
D. Distal convoluted tubule
45. Which section of the nephron is after the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
A. Descending limb of the loop
B. Proximal convoluted tubule
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct
46. The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the _____.
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting ducts
47. The fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is _____ relative to the capillaries.
A. Isotonic
B. Weakly hypotonic
C. Strongly hypotonic
D. Hypertonic
48. The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to _____.
A. Increase the concentration of NaCl
B. Decrease the concentration of NaCl
C. Change the blood levels of potassium
D. Conserve potassium
49. What effect does ADH have on urine output?
A. Minimal
B. Increases
C. Decreases
D. Maintains
50. Where does ADH have its greatest effect?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Proximal convoluted tubule
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Glomerulus
51. Eating large amounts of meat will increase the levels of _____ in the blood.
A. Protein
B. Creatinine
C. Urea
D. Uric acid