Q1. What Can Be Done With Style Sheets That Can Not Be Accomplished With Regular Html?
Many of the recent extensions to HTML have been tentative and somewhat crude attempts to control document layout. Style sheets go several steps beyond, and introduces complex border, margin and spacing control to most HTML elements. It also extends the capabilities introduced by most of the existing HTML browser extensions. Background colors or images can now be assigned to ANY HTMLelement instead of just the BODY element and borders can now be applied to anyelement instead of just to tables. For more information on the possible properties in CSS, see the Index DOT Css Property Index.
Q2. Why Use Style Sheets?
Style sheets allow a much greater degree of layout and display control than has ever been possible thus far in HTML. The amount of format coding necessary to control display characteristics can be greatly reduced through the use of external style sheets which can be used by a group of documents. Also, multiple style sheetscan be integrated from different sources to form a cohesive tapestry of styles for a document. Style sheets are also backward compatible – They can be mixed with HTML styling elements and attributes so that older browsers can view content as intended.
Q3. What Is Css Declaration?
CSS declaration is style attached to a specific selector. It consists of two parts; property which is equivalent of HTML attribute, e.g. text-indent: and value which is equivalent of HTML value, e.g. 10pt. NOTE: properties are always ended with a colon.
Q4. What Is Css Rule At-rule ?
There are two types of CSS rules:
ruleset and at-rule. At-rule is a rule that applies to the whole style sheet and not to a specific selector only (like in ruleset). They all begin with the @ symbol followed by a keyword made up of letters a-z, A-Z, digits 0-9, dashes and escaped characters, e.g. @import or @font-face.
Q5. How Do I Write My Style Sheet So That It Gracefully Cascades With User S Personal Sheet ?
You can help with this by setting properties in recommended places. Style rules that apply to the whole document should be set in the BODY element — and only there. In this way, the user can easily modify document-wide style settings.
Q6. What Is Id Selector?
ID selector is an individually identified (named) selector to which a specific style is declared. Using the ID attribute the declared style can then be associated with one and only one HTML element per document as to differentiate it from all other elements. ID selectors are created by a character # followed by the selector’s name. The name can contain characters a-z, A-Z, digits 0-9, period, hyphen, escaped characters, Unicode characters 161-255, as well as any Unicode characteras a numeric code, however, they cannot start with a dash or a digit.
#abc123 {color: red; background: black}
This and only this element can be identified as abc123
Q7. What Are Pseudo-elements?
Pseudo-elements are fictional elements that do not exist in HTML. They address the element’s sub-part (non-existent in HTML) and not the element itself. In CSS1 there are two pseudo-elements: ‘first-line pseudo-element’ and ‘first-letter pseudo-element’. They can be attached to block-level elements (e.g. paragraphs or headings) to allow typographical styling of their sub-parts.
Q8. How Do I Get Rid Of The Gap Under My Image?
Images are inline elements, which me they are treated in the same way as text. Most people kind of know this – they know that if you use ‘text-align:center’ on an image it will be centred. What many people don’t realise is that this me you will have a gap underneath an image. This gap is for the descenders of letters like j,q,p,y and g. To get rid of this gap you need to make the image block-level – like this :
CSS
img {display:block;}
One problem that this can cause is when you want to have a few images next to each other – if they are block-level, they won’t be next to each other. To get around that, you can use float:left. Of course, this might present another problem – maybe you don’t want the image to float left. In this case, you can use an unordered list like this :
CSS
ul, li {
list-style-type:none;
padding:0;
margin:0 auto;
}
ul {
width:150px;
}
li {
float:left;
}
HTML
Q9. What Is Class Selector?
Class selector is a “stand alone” class to which a specific style is declared. Using the CLASS attribute the declared style can then be associated with any HTML element. The class selectors are created by a period followed by the class’s name. The name can contain characters a-z, A-Z, digits 0-9, period, hyphen, escaped characters, Unicode characters 161-255, as well as any Unicode character as a numeric code, however, they cannot start with a dash or a digit. (Note: in HTML the value of the CLASS attribute can contain more characters).It is a good practice to name classes according to their function than their appearance.
.footnote {font: 70%} /* class as selector */
And so is this
Q10. What Is Inline Style? How To Link?
Inline style is the style attached to one specific element. The style is specified directly in the start tag as a value of the STYLE attribute and will apply exclusively to this specific element occurrence.
Indented paragraph
Q11. How Do I Design For Backward Compatibility Using Style Sheets?
Existing HTML style methods (such as and ) may be easily combined with style sheet specification methods. Browsers that do not understand style sheets will use the older HTML formatting methods, and style sheetsspecifications can control the appearance of these elements in browsers that support CSS1.
Q12. What Is Cascade?
Cascade is a method of defining the weight (importance) of individual styling rules thus allowing conflicting rules to be sorted out should such rules apply to the sameselector.
Declarations with increased weight take precedence over declaration with normal weight:
P {color: white ! important} /* increased weight */
P (color: black} /* normal weight */
Q13. Why Was The Decision Made To Make Padding Apply Outside Of The Width Of A Box, Rather Than Inside, Which Would Seem To Make More Sense?
It makes sense in some situations, but not in others. For example, when a childelement is set to width: 100%, I don’t think it should cover the padding of its parent. The box-sizing property in CSS3 addresses this issue. Ideally, the issue should have been addressed earlier, though.
Q14. Can Style Sheets And Html Stylistic Elements Be Used In The Same Document?
Yes. Style Sheets will be ignored in browsers without CSS-support and HTML stylistic elements used.
Q15. Which Set Of Definitions, Html Attributes Or Css Properties, Take Precedence?
CSS properties take precedence over HTML attributes. If both are specified, HTML attributes will be displayed in browsers without CSS support but won’t have any effect in browsers with CSS support.
Q16. As A Reader, How Can I Make My Browser Recognize My Own Style Sheet?
Netscape
It is not possible to do this in Netscape yet (as of version 4.0.)
Internet Explorer 3.0 (Win95/NT)
[It is possible to do this at least in Windows95/NT, but no user interface is provided. Unknown how this might be accomplished on other operating systems.]
@Open the Registry editor (Start..Run..regedit..ENTER)
@Under the ‘HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESoftwareMicrosoftInternetExplorerStyles’ key, Edit..New..String Value
@The new value should be called ‘StyleSheet Pathname’
@For the value, type in the full directory path of your .css style sheet.
Internet Explorer 4.0 (Win95/NT)
@Under the View menu, select ‘Internet Options’.
@Under the ‘General’ tab, choose the ‘Accessibility’ button.
@Choose the ‘Format documents using my style sheet’ check box and ‘Browse…’ to the location of your .css style sheet.
Q17. What Is Embedded Style? How To Link?
Embedded style is the style attached to one specific document. The style information is specified as a content of the STYLE element inside the HEAD element and will apply to the entire document.
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Note: The styling rules are written as a HTML comment, that is, between to hide the content in browsers without CSS support which would otherwise be displayed.
Q18. Are Style Sheets Case Sensitive?
No. Style sheets are case insensitive. Whatever is case insensitive in HTML is also case insensitive in CSS. However, parts that are not under control of CSS like font family names and URLs can be case sensitive – IMAGE.gif and image.gif is not the same file.
Q19. What Are Pseudo-classes?
Pseudo-classes are fictional element types that do not exist in HTML. In CSS1 there is only one element type which can be classed this way, namely the A element(anchor). By creating three fictional types of the A element individual style can be attached to each class. These three fictional element types are: A as unvisited link, A as active link and A as visited link. Pseudo-classes are created by a colon followed by pseudo-class’s name. They can also be combined with normal classes
example:
A:link {background: black; color: white}
A:active {background: black; color: red}
A:visited {background: trparent; color: black}
This anchor (or rather these anchors) will be displayed as declared above
A.foot:link {background: black; color: white}
A.foft:active {background; black: color: red}
A.foot:visited {background: trparent; color: black}
This anchor and all other anchors with CLASS foot will be displayed as declared above
Q20. What Is A Style Sheet?
Style sheets are the way that standards-compliant Web designers define the layout, look-and-feel, and design of their pages. They are called Cascading Style Sheets or CSS. With style sheets, a designer can define many aspects of a Web page:
* fonts
* colors
* layout
* positioning
* imagery
* accessibility
Style sheets give you a lot of power to define how your pages will look. And another great thing about them is that style sheets make it really easy to update your pages when you want to make a new design. Simply load in a new style sheet onto your pages and you’re done.
Q21. What Is Selector?
CSS selector is equivalent of HTML element(s). It is a string identifying to which element(s) the corresponding declaration(s) will apply and as such the link between the HTML document and the style sheet.
For example in P {text-indent: 10pt} the selector is P and is called type selector as it matches all instances of this element type in the document.
in P, UL {text-indent: 10pt} the selector is P and UL (see grouping); in .class {text-indent: 10pt} the selector is .class (see class selector).
Q22. What Is Property?
Property is a stylistic parameter (attribute) that can be influenced through CSS, e.g. FONT or WIDTH. There must always be a corresponding value or values set to each property, e.g. font: bold or font: bold san-serif.
Q23. How To Use Css To Separate Content And Design?
The idea here is that all sites contain two major parts, the content: all your articles, text and photos and the design: rounded corners, colors and effects. Usually those two are made in different parts of a webpage’s lifetime. The design is determined at the beginning and then you start filling it with content and keep the design fixed.
In CSS you just add the nifty -tag I’ve told you about to the head of yourHTML document and you have created a link to your design. In the HTML documentyou put content only, and that link of yours makes sure it looks right. You can also use the exact same link on many of your pages, giving them all of them the same design. You want to add content? Just write a plain HTML document and think about marking things up like “header” instead of “big blue header” and use CSS to make all headers look the way you want!
Q24. How Do I Quote Font Names In Quoted Values Of The Style Attribute?
The attribute values can contain both single quotes and double quotes as long as they come in matching pairs. If two pair of quotes are required include single quotes in double ones or vice versa:
It’s been reported the latter method doesn’t work very well in some browsers, therefore the first one should be used.
Q25. Some Examples Of Good And Bad Coding. What Is Wrong With This?
Welcome to my page
Comment: The font-tag is design and design shouldn’t be in the HTML document. All design should be in the CSS-file! Instead do this:
In the HTML:
Welcome to my page
In the CSS:
h1 { font-size: 2em; }
One more example:
An error occurred
This looks right doesn’t it? But if you look up what stands for you quickly find bold. But bold is certainly design, so it still doesn’t belong in the HTML document. A better choice is that stands for emphasis or simply “this piece of text is important”. So instead of saying “this text looks like this” you are saying “this text is important” and you let the looks be decided by the CSS. Seems like a minor change, but it illustrates how to select your tags. Use this instead:
In the HTML:
An error occured
In the CSS:
em {
font-weight: bold;
color: Red;
}
One last example:
| first link |
| second link |
Q26. Can Css Be Used With Other Than Html Documents?
Yes. CSS can be used with any ny structured document format. e.g. XML, however, the method of linking CSS with other document types has not been decided yet.
Q27. What Is The Difference Between Id And Class?
ID identifies and sets style to one and only one occurrence of an element while class can be attached to any number of elements.
Q28. What Is Important Declaration?
Important declaration is a declaration with increased weight. Declaration with increased weight will override declarations with normal weight. If both reader’s and author’s style sheet contain statements with important declarations the author’s declaration will override the reader’s.
BODY {background: white ! important; color: black}
In the example above the background property has increased weight while the color property has normal.
Q29. What Does The Cascading In Cascading Style Sheets Mean?
Style Sheets allow style information to be specified from many locations. Multiple (partial) external style sheets can be referenced to reduce redundancy, and both authors as well as readers can specify style preferences.
In addition, three main methods can be employed by an author to add style information to HTML documents, and multiple approaches for style control are available in each of these methods. In the end, style can be specified for a single element using any, or all, of these methods.
Q30. Why Is My External Stylesheet Not Working ?
There may be several different reasons behind that, but one very common mistake is to have an external stylesheet that contains HTML markup in some form.
An external stylesheet must contain only CSS rules, and if required, correctly formed CSS comments; never include any HTML syntax, such as