Environmental Biotechnology Assessment Questions on “Toxicants Bioaccumulation – Characteristics of Xenobiotics”.
1. Foreign substances which are chemical in nature found within an organism which is produced naturally are called as _______
a) Xenobiotics
b) Bio-leaching
c) Bio-remediation
d) Bio-fortification
Answer: a
Clarification: Xenobiotics are the foreign substances which are chemical in nature found and within an organism which is produced naturally by the body or they may be present in excess amounts than usual, Bio-remediation is a process used to treat contaminated media using microbial methods, bio-fortification is a process which is used to increase the nutritional quality of crops, bio-leaching is a process used for extraction of metals.
2. Xenobiotics is classified into endogenous and exogenous groups.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Xenobiotics are the foreign substances which are chemical in nature found and within an organism and can be classified into two groups such as endogenous and exogenous.
3. Which of the following xenobiotic compounds does not come under exogenous group?
a) Drugs
b) Food additives
c) Fe
d) Carcinogens
Answer: c
Clarification: Iron is present as a natural constituency in the blood of an organism but certain substances like Drugs, Food additives, Carcinogens are transferred to an organism from outside sources.
4. Which of the following xenobiotic compounds does not come under endogenous group?
a) Bilirubin
b) steroids
c) Bile salts
d) Sodium
Answer: d
Clarification: Sodium is a natural constituency of an organism but certain substances like Bilirubin, steroids and Bile salts are transferred to an organism from outside sources.
5. Drugs which are xenobiotics can have certain effects on human body like Hypersensitivity.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Some of the drugs which are xenobiotics are harmful to human body can have various effects like Hypersensitivity, autoimmunity etc.
6. All drugs are xenobiotics.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Clarification: All drugs present in the environment which are ingested into human body are harmful but all of them are not xenobiotics.
7. The harmful toxic compound that is present in cosmetics is _____________
a) Aluminium
b) Parabens
c) Oxygen
d) Nitrogen
Answer: a
Clarification: Paraben is a neurotoxin compound which is carcinogenic to human body whereas AL, O2 and N2 are not harmful to humans.
8. A xenohormone that when injected to an organism can imitate the function of natural endogenic estrogen produced by the body of an organism is called as ___________
a) Gypsum
b) Citric acid
c) Xenoestrogen
d) Oxalic acid
Answer: c
Clarification: Xenoestrogen is a hormone that have similar functions to natural endogenic estrogen produced by the body of an organism but are chemically different and synthetically administered, Gypsum is the by product of the certain acids like Citric acid, Oxalic acid which are released from manufacturing industries, whereas, the byproduct I.e. gypsum is used fro sodic soil reclamation.
9. Most xenobiotic are lipophilic in nature.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: xenobiotics have the potential to dissolve in lipids or fats and hence, are lipophilic in nature.
10. Xenobiotics can easily penetrate into the membrane.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Xenobiotics are lipophilic hence, can dissolve into the lipid membranes of the cells hence, penetrating into the membranes by diffusion.
11. Xenobiotics can be transported through blood.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Xenobiotics are lipophilic, hence, can be transported through blood with the help of lipoproteins.
12. Xenobiotics does not have to undergo chemical transformation before excretion .
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Clarification: Xenobiotics are not naturally produced inside the body of an organism and hence, it undergoes chemical transformation to properly facilitate excretion.
13. Which among the following processes are not included when Xenobiotics are tranformed into the metabolism of an organism?
a) Oxidation
b) Reduction
c) Hydrolysis
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: d
Clarification: Oxidation, Reduction, Hydrolysis are the following processes included when Xenobiotics are tranformed into the metabolism of an organism whereas, Photosynthesis is a plant process.
14. Newborns have higher chances of ingestion of xenobiotics by mammary route.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Milk is an aqueous solution consisting of a variety of metabolites and hence there are chances that are xenobiotic transferred into baby from mother s by mammary route.
15. Xenobiotic metabolism in the body can be increased by intake of various antioxidants like ___________
a) Gypsum
b) Quercetin
c) Citric acid
d) Xenoestrogen
Answer: b
Clarification: Quercetin is a powerful antioxidant that can be used to increase the Xenobiotic metabolism to detoxify the blood, Xenoestrogen is a hormone that have similar functions to natural endogenic estrogen produced by the body of an organism but are chemically different and synthetically administered, Gypsum is the by product of the certain acids like Citric acid which is released from manufacturing industries, whereas, the byproduct i.e, gypsum is used for sodic soil reclamation.