Consumer Behavior (for MBA) Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following is NOT a market research tool?
A. Interviews
B. Questionnaires
C. Introspective reflection
D. None of the above
Answer: C. Introspective reflection
2. What does OSL stand for?
A. Over Stimulation Line
B. Optimum Stimulation Level
C. Outside Sensory Level
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Optimum Stimulation Level
3. Disappointment following a purchase is called:
A. Post-purchase annoyance
B. Post-purchase dissonance
C. Post-purchase consonance
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Post-purchase dissonance
4. Which of the following in NOT a category of pre-purchase expectation?
A. Equitable performance
B. Expected performance
C. Expected performance
D. None of the above
Answer: C. Expected performance
5. Neutral sources who give opinion about the product are
A. Paid by the manufacturer
B. Not paid by the manufacturer
C. Hired by the manufacturer
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Not paid by the manufacturer
6. The individual responsible for the flow of information is called:
A. The gatekeeper
B. The initiator
C. The decider
D. None of the above
Answer: A. The gatekeeper
7. What does OEM stand for?
A. Organisation for Energy Markets
B. Overseas Equipment Markets
C. Original Equipment Manufacturer
D. None of the above
Answer: C. Original Equipment Manufacturer
8. The last stage of consumer decision making process is
A. Problem recognition
B. Post purchase evaluation
C. Evaluation of alternatives
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Post purchase evaluation
9. Which one is not a base for market segmentation?
A. Demographic
B. Geographic
C. Mass marketing
D. None of the above
Answer: C. Mass marketing
10. A consumer can collect information from
A. Internal source
B. External source
C. All of these
D. None of the above
Answer: C. All of these
11. __________ refers to the information a consumer has stored in their memory about a product or service.
A. Cognitive dissonance
B. Product knowledge
C. Product research
D. Marketing research
Answer: B. Product knowledge
12. Darla considers herself to be a gourmet, and she has dined at many of the finest restaurants in the United States. On a recent trip to New Orleans, she refused to eat at a restaurant that was purported to have some of the best Cajun food because it had oil cloth and plastic flowers on the tables. Which situational influence explains Darla’s refusal to eat at this restaurant?
A. Its marketing mix
B. Task features
C. Current conditions
D. Physical features
Answer: D. Physical features
13. The price of products and services often influence whether _______________, and, if so,which competitive offering is selected.
A. Consumers will purchase them at all
B. Consumers see a need to buy
C. Consumers will decide to buy immediately
D. People would recommend the product
Answer: A. Consumers will purchase them at all
14. ________ can influence the consumers’ thoughts about products.
A. Marketing and popularity
B. Advertising, sales promotions, salespeople, and publicity
C. Sales promotion, popularity, and marketing
D. Billboards
Answer: B. Advertising, sales promotions, salespeople, and publicity
15. It important for marketers to devise communications that offer _______________, and are placed in media that consumers in the target market are likely to use.
A. Consistent messages about their products
B. Better pricing
C. Product information to the customers
D. A new marketing strategy
Answer: A. Consistent messages about their products
16. __________ are factors that have been shown to affect consumer behavior.
A. Brand name, quality, newness, and complexity
B. Advertising, marketing, product, and price
C. Outlets, strategies, concept, and brand name
D. Quality, advertising, product positioning, and strategy
Answer: A. Brand name, quality, newness, and complexity
17. The reason that higher prices may not affect consumer buying is _______________.
A. Most consumers prefer brand names which have higher prices
B. 70% of the total population looks for quality services and is willing to pay higher prices
C. Consumers believe that higher prices indicate higher quality or prestige
D. Most consumers feel that the price is actually affordable
Answer: C. Consumers believe that higher prices indicate higher quality or prestige
18. Consumer behavior differs when you are installing a fire protection system for your warehouse full of steel desks and when you are purchasing a fire protection system for your home, which is full of irreplaceable antiques. Which situational influence explains this consumer behavior?
A. Its marketing mix
B. Task features
C. Current conditions
D. Physical features
Answer: B. Task features
19. In studying consumer behaviour, it is often useful to categorize people on the basis of some similarity. Descriptions such as age, gender, income, or occupation are called:
A. demographics
B. psychographics
C. personal profiles
D. physiognomies
Answer: A. demographics
20. When consumers are making buying decisions, some observers have said that their behaviour resembles acting in a play, complete with lines, props, even costumes. They may alter their consumption decisions depending upon the part they are playing at the time. This view of consumer behaviour is often called:
A. consumer activism
B. consumption play theory
C. dramatism
D. role theory
Answer: D. role theory
21. The expanded view of the exchange which includes the issues that influence the consumer before, during, and after a purchase is called:
A. The marketing mix
B. The consumption process
C. The strategic focus
D. The extended exchange theory
Answer: B. The consumption process
22. Recently marketers have come to realize the value of what is being called relationship marketing. In marketing terms, it means:
A. coordinating the packages of family brands to communicate the same “look”
B. developing friendships with foreign governments so that Canadian products can be sold in their countries at a fair price
C. instituting practices which show companies’ awareness of their responsibilities to the environment and society
D. building bonds between brands and customers that will last a lifetime
Answer: D. building bonds between brands and customers that will last a lifetime
23. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria which have to be met if the segmentation process is to be valid:
A. the segment is large enough to be profitable
B. consumers within a segment have similar product needs and differ from consumers in other segments
C. the consumers in a segment have to be alike demographically
D. the important differences among segments can be identified
Answer: C. the consumers in a segment have to be alike demographically
24. Of the following pieces of legislation intended to protect the consumer, which was the earliest:
A. Textile Labelling Act
B. Food and Drug Act
C. Motor Vehicle Safety Act
D. Hazardous Products Act
Answer: C. Motor Vehicle Safety Act
25. The “pyramid of consumer behaviour” illustrates the focus of several disciplines when studying consumer behaviour. Focus on the individual’s consumer behaviour (such as how one reads certain sections of a magazine) is termed:
A. idiosyncratic
B. macro
C. micro
D. unitary
Answer: B. macro
26. Current consumer research is likely to include attention to the “dark side” of consumer behaviour. This growing emphasis refers to the fact that:
A. it is difficult to measure the contribution of the “art” of consumer behaviour research to the corporate bottom line
B. many consumer behaviour findings are being stolen by competitors, via computers
C. not all consumer behaviour or marketing activity is necessarily beneficial to society
D. understanding of consumption for its own sake should be the focus of research rather than because the knowledge can be applied by marketers
Answer: C. not all consumer behaviour or marketing activity is necessarily beneficial to society
27. The dominant set of assumptions which has influenced Western research on art and science since the late 16th Century has been termed positivism. All of the following are tenets of positivism EXCEPT:
A. human reason is supreme
B. there is a single objective truth that can be discovered by science
C. we should stress the functions of objects and celebrate technology
D. there are multiple and simultaneous events which shape a particular view of an occurrence and help us interpret the nature of reality
Answer: D. there are multiple and simultaneous events which shape a particular view of an occurrence and help us interpret the nature of reality
28. Interpretivists tend to challenge the beliefs of the positivists. The interpretivists’ view is that:
A. positivists stress science and technology too much
B. we each construct our own meanings of the world we live in
C. symbolic, subjective experience is important
D. there are no right or wrong answers
Answer: D. there are no right or wrong answers
29. Which of the following is not included in the decision-making unit of a buying organization?
A. individuals who supply the product
B. individuals who make the buying decision
C. individuals who influence the buying decision
D. individuals who control buying information
Answer: A. individuals who supply the product
30. During which stage of the business buying process is a buyer most likely to conduct value analysis, carefully studying components to determine if they can be redesigned, standardized, or made less expensive?
A. General need recognition
B. Performance review
C. Proposal solicitation
D. Product specification
Answer: D. Product specification
31. Many marketers use the self-concept premise that people’s possessions contribute to and reflect their identities; that is, “we are what we have.” Under this premise, consumers ________.
A. Use brand personalities
B. Are affected by subconscious motivations
C. Buy products to support their self-images
D. Conduct the information search
Answer: C. Buy products to support their self-images
32. Blake is in the process of buying a new car. He is highly involved in the purchase and perceives significant differences among his three favourite models. Blake’s next step is most likely to be ________.
A. opinion leadership
B. evaluation of alternatives
C. postpurchase behavior
D. purchase decision
Answer: B. evaluation of alternatives
33. Bill thought he had received the best deal on his new car. Shortly after the purchase, Bill started to notice certain disadvantages of his new car as he learned more about other cars available. Bill is experiencing ________.
A. purchase decision
B. postpurchase culture
C. selective perception
D. information evaluation
Answer: D. information evaluation
34. You regularly purchase cleaning supplies for your custodial staff. This purchase is a________.
A. straight rebuy
B. new task
C. modified rebuy
D. modified straight rebuy
Answer: A. straight rebuy
35. What is the first stage of the consumer decision process?
A. information search
B. problem recognition
C. alternative evaluation
D. purchase
Answer: B. problem recognition
36. The level of concern for, or interest in, the purchase process triggered by the need toconsider a particular purchase is known as _____.
A. personal involvement
B. product involvement
C. purchase involvement
D. enduring involvement
Answer: C. purchase involvement
37. Very high levels of purchase involvement tend to produce _____.
A. extended decision making
B. nominal decision making
C. affective decision making
D. limited decision making
Answer: A. extended decision making
38. _____________ is the buying behaviour of final consumers.
A. Consumer buyer behavior
B. Business buying behavior
C. Global purchasing
D. Reseller buyer behavior
Answer: A. Consumer buyer behavior
39. In ‘stages of adoption process’ customer decides to become regular user in
A. Awareness stage
B. Interest stage
C. Evaluation stage
D. Adoption
Answer: D. Adoption
40. Adopter group ‘laggards’ are
A. deliberate
B. guided by respect
C. skeptical
D. tradition bound
Answer: D. tradition bound
41. Social class group which earns through exceptional ability is best classified as
A. upper middles
B. working class
C. lower uppers
D. upper uppers
Answer: C. lower uppers
42. Tendency to which results of innovation are communicated to others is classified as
A. relative advantage
B. divisibility
C. communicability
D. compatibility
Answer: C. communicability
43. Person’s own living or interacting and acting pattern is classified
A. lifestyle
B. personality and self concept
C. social class
D. None of above
Answer: A. lifestyle
44. Needs of customers are triggered by
A. internal stimuli
B. external stimuli
C. both a and b
D. none of above
Answer: C. both a and b
45. Group which can exert influences on other because of specialized knowledge and skills iscalled
A. opinion leader
B. leading adopters
C. influential
D. all of above
Answer: B. leading adopters
46. A need that is aroused up to sufficient level is called
A. want
B. motive or drive
C. Both a and b
D. none of above
Answer: B. motive or drive
47. Customers keeping such information that supports their attitudes towards brand is classified as
A. selective attention
B. selective distortion
C. selective retention
D. all of above
Answer: C. selective retention
48. Marketing managers should adapt the marketing mix to ___________________ and constantly monitor value changes and differences in both domestic and global markets.
A. Sales strategies
B. Marketing concepts
C. Cultural values
D. Brand images
Answer: A. Sales strategies
49. The whole sellers and retailers buying behavior is classified as
A. business buyer behavior
B. derived demand
C. business buying process
D. cognitive dissonance
Answer: A. business buyer behavior
50. The demand of business buyers is derived from
A. final consumer demand
B. raw materials suppliers
C. production controller
D. logistic managers
Answer: A. final consumer demand
51. In business buying process, the group who has formal authority of supplier selection is classified as
A. user
B. influencer
C. decider and gatekeeper
D. buyer
Answer: D. buyer
52. The stage in buying behavior which follows the reviews of supplier proposals by business buyer is
A. supplier selection
B. proposal solicitation
C. supplier search
D. order-routine specification’
Answer: A. supplier selection
53. The demand which is affected by price changes in short term is
A. elastic demand
B. inelastic demand
C. realistic demand
D. unrealistic demand
Answer: A. elastic demand
54. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, food, water, sleep, and to an extent, sex, are considered _____ motives.
A. Safety
B. self-actualization
C. Physiological
D. Belongingness
Answer: C. Physiological
55. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs includes all EXCEPT which of the following?
A. Cognition
B. physiological
C. safety
D. Belongingness
Answer: A. Cognition
56. Kelly is hungry, and this inner force is making him search for the type of food he wants to eat. He decides that an Arby’s roast beef sandwich will satisfy his hunger. This inner force that is compelling him to search for food is known as a(n) _____.
A. Motive
B. personality trait
C. emotion
D. perception
Answer: C. emotion
Unit 2
57. The rational element of motivation is called:
A. A goal
B. An incentive
C. A drive
D. None of the above
Answer: A. A goal
58. A motive which operates below the conscious level is called:
A. A conscious motive
B. A dormant motive
C. An emotional motive
D. None of the above
Answer: B. A dormant motive
59. Rules for purchasing are called:
A. Risk reducers
B. Heuristics
C. Purchase regulations
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Heuristics
60. According to Freud, which of the following is our conscious self?
A. The id
B. The superego
C. The ego
D. None of the above
Answer: C. The ego
61. When a stimulus that is close to the conditioned stimulus evokes the conditioned response,this is called:
A. Generalization
B. Extinction
C. Discrimination
D. None of the above
Answer: A. Generalization
62. An external trigger that encourages learning is called:
A. A response
B. A cue
C. Reinforcement
D. None of the above
Answer: B. A cue
63. The emotional component of attitude is called:
A. Cognition
B. Conation
C. Affect
D. None of the above
Answer: C. Affect
64. The effect whereby someone holding two conflicting attitudes at once feels discomfort iscalled:
A. Attitude disconfirmation
B. Affective re-adjustment
C. Cognitive dissonance
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Affective re-adjustment
65. Intelligent interruption in communication is called:
A. Noise
B. Interference
C. Encoding
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Interference
66. What does VALS stand for?
A. Value Added Living Systems
B. Values and Life Styles
C. Variable Living Styles
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Values and Life Styles
67. Which of the following statements is true about the goal theory of motivation?
A. People with easier goals will perform better than people with difficult goals.
B. A person’s level of commitment to a goal will not regulate the level of effort expended.
C. Research has shown that there is little support for the goal theory and its effects on motivation with regard to the relationship between goal-setting and performance.
D. People with difficult goals will perform better than people with easier goals.
Answer: D. People with difficult goals will perform better than people with easier goals.
68. People will forget much that they learn. They tend to retain information that supports their attitudes and beliefs. This is called _____.
A. Selective retention
B. Selective distortion
C. Selective attitude
D. Selective attention
Answer: A. Selective retention
69. A person’s _______________ comprises internal factors, such as ability, intelligence andpersonality, and will determine how an individual responds to certain stimuli.
A. Sensory limit
B. Cognitive set
C. Perceptual set
D. Psychological threshold
Answer: C. Perceptual set
70. Which of the following will influence an individual’s perceptions?
A. Previous experiences.
B. Individual needs.
C. Sensory limitations.
D. All of the above.
Answer: D. All of the above.
71. Which two of the following are terms used by Cook to describe the two kinds ofinformation used in a social encounter?
A. Secondary information.
B. Impressionistic information.
C. Static information.
D. Primary information.
Answer: B. Impressionistic information.
72. Which of the following are employees with an internal locus of control orientation more likely to display than employees with an external control orientation?
A. An increased probability of gaining managerial positions.
B. Greater satisfaction with their jobs.
C. Greater satisfaction with participatory management.
D. All of the above.
Answer: D. All of the above.
73. Which factors are used to interpret a person’s task performance?
A. Internal attributive control.
B. Unstable factors.
C. Stable factors.
D. Internal attributions.
Answer: D. Internal attributions.
74. Which of the following is true?
A. Self-concept is instinctive
B. Self-concept is learned
C. Self-concept is imposed on us by our parents.
D. None of the above
Answer: A. Self-concept is instinctive
75. Ourselves as others see us is called:
A. The real self
B. The ideal self
C. The looking-glass self
D. None of the above
Answer: B. The ideal self
76. The subjective self, as we see ourselves, is called:
A. The real self
B. The ideal self
C. The looking-glass self
D. None of the above
Answer: B. The ideal self
77. The way we think other people see us is called:
A. The real self.
B. The looking-glass self
C. The ideal self
D. None of the above
Answer: C. The ideal self
78. The process of monitoring our behavior to conform with feedback from others is called:
A. Self-expression
B. Self-monitoring
C. Self-behaving
D. None of the above
Answer: D. None of the above
79. Which of the following is true?
A. Low self-monitors worry about what other people think of them
B. High self-monitors believe themselves to be apart from the rest of humanity.
C. Low self-monitors behave according to some inner drive.
D. None of the above
Answer: A. Low self-monitors worry about what other people think of them
80. Ducking when a stone is thrown at you is an example of:
A. Species response tendencies
B. Maturation
C. Learning
D. None of the above
Answer: C. Learning
81. The tendency for elderly people to move more slowly is an example of:
A. Species response tendencies
B. Maturation
C. Learning
D. None of the above
Answer: D. None of the above
82. In Pavlov’s experiments, the meat powder acted as:
A. An unconditioned response
B. An unconditioned stimulus
C. A conditioned stimulus
D. None of the above
Answer: B. An unconditioned stimulus
83. In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell acted as:
A. An unconditioned response
B. An unconditioned stimulus
C. A conditioned stimulus
D. None of the above
Answer: A. An unconditioned response
84. If the conditioned stimulus comes before the unconditioned stimulus, this is called:
A. Forward conditioning
B. Backward conditioning
C. Simultaneous conditioning
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Backward conditioning
85. If the unconditioned stimulus comes before the conditioned stimulus, this is called:
A. Forward conditioning
B. Backward conditioning
C. Simultaneous conditioning
D. None of the above
Answer: C. Simultaneous conditioning
86. Which works best in advertising?
A. Forward conditioning
B. Backward conditioning
C. Simultaneous conditioning
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Backward conditioning
87. What is the correct term for a situation where a stimulus no longer evokes the conditionedresponse?
A. Generalisation.
B. Discrimination
C. Extinction
D. None of the above
Answer: C. Extinction
88. When a stimulus that is close to the conditioned stimulus evokes the conditioned response,this is called:
A. Generalisation.
B. Discrimination
C. Extinction
D. None of the above
Answer: C. Extinction
89. All of the following factors would be listed as social factors that influence consumerbehaviour EXCEPT:
A. Roles and status
B. Family.
C. Occupation.
D. Reference groups.
Answer: C. Occupation.
90. Which of the following would correctly be labelled as a cultural factor that would influenceconsumer behaviour?
A. Social class.
B. Reference groups.
C. Lifestyle.
D. Family.
Answer: A. Social class.
91. Which of the following would be the BEST description of the major AIO dimensions thatdescribe a person’s pattern of living?
A. Attitudes, Interests, and Opinions.
B. Activities, Interests, and Opinions.
C. Activities, Innovation, and Occasions.
D. Attitudes, Income, and Observations.
Answer: B. Activities, Interests, and Opinions.
92. “We are what we have” would be associated with which of the following concepts?
A. Attitudes.
B. Beliefs.
C. A person’s self-concept.
D. Personality.
Answer: C. A person’s self-concept.
93. Another term for a motive (especially after it has become activated or directed) is a:
A. Need.
B. Action.
C. Drive.
D. Cue.
Answer: C. Drive.
94. Basic needs such as hunger and thirst are called:
A. Safety needs.
B. Psychological needs.
C. Social needs.
D. Physiological needs.
Answer: D. Physiological needs.
95. _____________ describes changes in an individual’s behaviour arising from experience.
A. Learning.
B. A cue.
C. Motivation.
D. Stimulus object.
Answer: A. Learning.
96. Which step of the buyer decision process immediately precedes the purchase decision?
A. Need recognition.
B. Information search.
C. Post purchase behaviour.
D. Evaluation of alternatives.
Answer: D. Evaluation of alternatives.
97. If a consumer has discomfort caused by post purchase conflict, the consumer isexperiencing:
A. Subliminal persuasion.
B. Cognitive dissonance.
C. Stimulus ambiguity.
D. Confirmation.
Answer: B. Cognitive dissonance.
98. The stage in the adoption process where the consumer considers whether trying the newproduct makes sense is called:
A. Adoption.
B. Evaluation.
C. Interest.
D. Trial.
Answer: B. Evaluation.
99. Ads affecting consumers subconscious minds are classified as
A. Online Advertising
B. Subliminal Advertising
C. Luminal Advertising
D. Both B And C
Answer: B. Subliminal Advertising
100. Tendency to which experiences of potential customers fits with innovation is called
A. Relative Advantage
B. Divisibility
C. Communicability
D. Compatibility
Answer: D. Compatibility
101. Types of consumer buying behavior are
A. Two Types
B. Three Types
C. Four Types
D. Five Types
Answer: C. Four Types
102. Highly involved consumer buying behavior and customers perceive fewer differences among brands is called
A. Complex Buying Behavior
B. Variety Seeking Buying Behavior
C. Dissonance Reducing Buying Behavior
D. Habitual Buying Behavior
Answer: C. Dissonance Reducing Buying Behavior
103. Cultural factors must include
A. Beliefs And Attitudes
B. Social Class
C. Occupation
D. Roles And Status
Answer: B. Social Class
104. What is the first stage in the purchase decision process?
A. Situation Analysis
B. Information Search
C. Price Comparison
D. Need Or Problem Recognition
Answer: D. Need Or Problem Recognition
105. What is the final stage in the purchase decision process?
A. Purchase
B. Post-Purchase Evaluation
C. Word Of Mouth
D. Pre-Purchase Evaluation
Answer: D. Pre-Purchase Evaluation
106. What is a consumer’s awareness set?
A. The Products That A Consumer Has Heard Of That May Solve Their Problem
B. The Adverts That A Consumer Likes
C. Everything A Consumer Knows About A Product
D. The Products That A Consumer Is Seriously Considering Buying
Answer: A. The Products That A Consumer Has Heard Of That May Solve Their Problem
107. What is at the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A. Esteem Needs
B. Self-Actualisation Needs
C. Social Needs
D. Safety Needs
Answer: B. Self-Actualisation Needs
108. What does the term ‘evoked set’ mean?
A. Products That Have Caused Complaints
B. A Customer’s Close Friends
C. A Consumer’s Shortlist Of Possible Purchases
D. Products That Stand Out
Answer: C. A Consumer’s Shortlist Of Possible Purchases
109. James recently purchased a new car, however now he is worried about whether he made the right decision. Consumer behaviourists have a term for this state of mind. What is it?
A. Purchase Concern
B. Dithering
C. Post-Purchase Dissonance
D. Product Evaluation
Answer: C. Post-Purchase Dissonance
110. 14-year-old Beth is a member of the Girls Aloud fan club. She accesses their Facebook page regularly and is strongly influenced by what Girls Aloud say and wear. What kind of reference group is this fan club for Beth?
A. Aspirant Group
B. Inclusive Group
C. Disassociative Group
D. Non-Membership Group
Answer: B. Inclusive Group
Unit 3
111. The set of shared beliefs, behaviours and attitudes associated with a large group of peopleis called:
A. Religion
B. Culture
C. Social Framework
D. Ethics
Answer: A. Religion
112. A custom with a strong moral component is called:
A. Taboo
B. A more
C. An imperative
D. Ethic
Answer: B. A more
113. Which of the following is NOT one of Hofstede’s dimensions?
A. Masculinity-femininity
B. Individualism-collectivism
C. Wealth-poverty
D. Environment
Answer: C. Wealth-poverty
114. A culture in which the norms are embedded deeply in its members is called
A. A high-context culture
B. A repressive culture
C. A low-context culture
D. None of the above
Answer: A. A high-context culture
115. Which of the following is NOT a stage in acculturation?
A. Honeymoon
B. Rejection
C. Quittance
D. Confidence
Answer: C. Quittance
116. The groups we see occasionally, with whom we have a shared interest, are called:
A. Primary groups
B. Secondary groups
C. Familiarity groups
D. Tertiary groups
Answer: B. Secondary groups
117. The view that lower-class people imitate upper-class people is called:
A. Trickle-down theory
B. Imitation theory
C. Class differential theory
D. None
Answer: A. Trickle-down theory
118. Insistent demands for products is called:
A. Pester power
B. Irritation power
C. Child pressure
D. Peer pressure
Answer: A. Pester power
119. The person with the most power is called:
A. The most powerful person
B. The least dependent person
C. The most independent person
D. Interdependent
Answer: B. The least dependent person
120. Those who seek out new intellectual experiences are called:
A. Cognitive innovators
B. Sensory innovators
C. Attitudinal innovators
D. Intelligent
Answer: A. Cognitive innovators
121. How do consumers respond to various marketing efforts the company might use? Thestarting point is the _____ of a buyer’s behavior.
A. belief
B. subculture
C. postpurchase feeling
D. stimulus-response
Answer: D. stimulus-response
122. Four important subcultures mentioned by the author include all except _____.
A. Hispanics
B. African Americans
C. Mature consumers
D. Opinions leaders
Answer: D. Opinions leaders
123. Each culture contains smaller _____, or groups of people with shared value systemsbased on common life experiences and situations.
A. Alternative evaluations
B. Cognitive dissonances
C. Subcultures
D. Motives
Answer: C. Subcultures
124. _____ is(are) the most basic cause of a person’s wants and behavior.
A. Culture
B. Brand personality
C. Cognitive dissonance
D. New product
Answer: A. Culture
125. Marketers use various mythical creatures and personalities, such as the Pillsbury Doughboy or Sasquatch, to create an identity for their products. The personalities become well-known in popular culture, and are effective representatives for their products. Such figures are called:
A. Spokespersons
B. Marketing figures
C. Role icons
D. Product determinants
Answer: B. Marketing figures
126. A young native Canadian moves from the Northwest Territories to attend university inToronto, Ontario. The disorientation he feels is called
A. Culture shock.
B. Counterculture.
C. Cultural lag.
D. Cultural relativism.
Answer: A. Culture shock.
127. The values, beliefs, behaviour, and material objects that constitute a people’s way of life isdefined as
A. Norms.
B. Culture.
C. Mores.
D. Folkways
Answer: B. Culture.
128. What we call “civilization”, based on permanent settlements and specialized occupations,emerged on the earth about _______________ years ago.
A. 12 million
B. 2 million
C. 40 thousand
D. 12 thousand
Answer: D. 12 thousand
129. What is the official language of 20 percent of the world’s people?
A. English
B. Spanish
C. Chinese
D. French
Answer: C. Chinese
130. Different social classes tend to have different attitudinal configurations and _______ thatinfluence the behavior of individual members.
A. Personalities
B. Values
C. Finances
D. Decision makers
Answer: B. Values
131. __________ is the single factor that best indicates social class.
A. Time
B. Money
C. Occupation
D. Fashion
Answer: C. Occupation
132. Which of the following statements about social classes in the United States is true?
A. The middle class is the largest class
B. Less than five percent of the population in the U.S. belong to the upper clas
C. The working class is defined as “family folk” who depend heavily on relatives for economic and emotional support
D. The middle class is the group most likely to demand instant gratification
Answer: C. The working class is defined as “family folk” who depend heavily on relatives for economic and emotional support
133. 14% of the population that is differentiated mainly by having high incomes is classified as ______________.
A. The working class
B. The middle class
C. Upper Americans
D. Lower middle class
Answer: C. Upper Americans
134. Upper Americans prioritize spending on _______________.
A. Technology related products, and gifts
B. Pubs and discos
C. Gambling events
D. Travel, club memberships, and prestigious schools for children.
Answer: D. Travel, club memberships, and prestigious schools for children.
135. The population of American consumers that want to do the right things and buy what is popular is generally referred to as the ________________.
A. Lower middle class
B. Upper American class
C. Working class
D. Middle class
Answer: D. Middle class
136. In terms of consumption decisions, middle class consumers prefer to _________.
A. Buy at a market that sells at a wholesale rates
B. Buy what is popular
C. Buy only the brands which sell at affordable prices
D. Analyze the market and select the best at the lowest prices
Answer: B. Buy what is popular
137. What is the middle class concerned about?
A. European travel and club memberships for tennis, golf, and swimming
B. Prestigious schooling facility for their children
C. Fashion and buying what experts in the media recommend
D. Buying only “value for money” products
Answer: C. Fashion and buying what experts in the media recommend
138. Increased earnings in the middle class have led to spending on more “worthwhileexperiences” for children, such as ______________.
A. The latest television sets and other entertainment products
B. Ski trips, college education, and shopping for better brands of clothes at more expensive store
C. The best branded school gear, bags and shoes
D. Having great parties among high society circles
Answer: B. Ski trips, college education, and shopping for better brands of clothes at more expensive store
139. The group of Americans referred to as “family folk” is also commonly referred to by marketers as the _____________.
A. Social class
B. Working class
C. Middle class
D. Upper American class
Answer: B. Working class
140. According to research, there are four factors that influence consumer buyer behavior:
A. Psychological, Personal, Social, CRM Systems
B. Cultural, Organizational, Personal, Psychological
C. Cultural, Social, Personal, Psychological
D. None Of The Above
Answer: C. Cultural, Social, Personal, Psychological
141. The psychological factors influencing consumer behavior are;
A. Motivation, Perception, Learning, Beliefs And Attitudes
B. Culture, Subculture, Social Class
C. Reference Groups, Family, Roles And Status
D. All Of The Above
Answer: A. Motivation, Perception, Learning, Beliefs And Attitudes
142. Consumers who purchase a Harley-Davidson motorcycle can receive which of the following in addition to the purchase of the product?
A. Membership In A Group
B. A 20 Year Warrantee
C. Free Maintenance for Five Years
D. Invitations to Harley Jamborees, Harley 101 Safety Courses, And Camp Harley
Answer: A. Membership In A Group
143. Which type of group’s presumed perspectives or values are being used by an individual asthe basis for his or her current behavior?
A. Cohort Group
B. Generation Group
C. Community Group
D. Reference Group
Answer: D. Reference Group
144. Which of the following is NOT a criterion used to classify groups?
A. Membership
B. Strength of Social Tie
C. Number of Members
D. Type of Contact
Answer: C. Number of Members
145. Angie is a teenager, living at home with her parents and two brothers. Even though she wants to venture out more on her own, her parents will not allow it, and she obeys their wishes. Her family represents a(n) _____ group.
A. Primary Group
B. Secondary Group
C. Consumer Group
D. Restrictive Group
Answer: A. Primary Group
146. Groups with negative desirability are referred to as _____.
A. Primary Reference Groups
B. Secondary Reference Groups
C. Dissociative Reference Groups
D. Aspiration Reference Groups
Answer: C. Dissociative Reference Groups
147. Individuals frequently purchase products thought to be used by a desired group in order to achieve actual or symbolic membership in the group. This type of group is referred to as a(n) _____.
A. Primary Reference Group
B. Secondary Reference Group
C. Dissociative Reference Group
D. Aspiration Reference Group
Answer: D. Aspiration Reference Group
148. Which group of teens sees themselves and others as cool and at the center of the action?
A. Influencers
B. Conformers
C. Market Leaders
D. Trend Setters
Answer: A. Influencers
149. Which of the following is a characteristic of a consumption subculture?
A. An Identifiable, Hierarchical Social Structure
B. A Set Of Shared Beliefs Or Values
C. Unique Jargon, Rituals, And Modes Of Symbolic Expression
D. A And B
Answer: C. Unique Jargon, Rituals, And Modes Of Symbolic Expression
150. That minor stimuli which determines when and how customer will respond in certainway iscalled
A. Perception
B. Cues
C. Motives
D. Both A And C
Answer: B. Cues
151. Less involved consumer buying behavior in which customers perceive few differencebetween brands is called
A. Complex Buoying Behavior
B. Variety Seeking Buying Behavior
C. Dissonance Reducing Buying Behavior
D. Habitual Buying Behavior
Answer: D. Habitual Buying Behavior
152. According to brand personality traits, ‘sophistication’ is concluded as brand being
A. Reliable And Intelligent
B. Daring And Imaginative
C. Cheerful And Wholesome
D. Charming And Upper Class
Answer: D. Charming And Upper Class
153. Social class who rely on relatives for assistance in trouble times and economic supportconsidered as
A. Upper Middles
B. Working Class
C. Middle Class
D. Upper Uppers
Answer: B. Working Class
154. Well-known brand ‘Apple’ is related to brand personality trait of
A. Ruggedness
B. Competence
C. Sophistication
D. Excitement
Answer: D. Excitement
155. In ‘adoption process for new products’, customer seek information in the
A. Awareness Stage
B. Interest Stage
C. Evaluation And Trial Stage
D. All Of Above
Answer: B. Interest Stage
156. Mental process in which customer ends up as buyer of a new product is called
A. Adoption Process
B. Cognitive Dissonance
C. Pre Purchase Behavior
D. Post-Purchase Behavior
Answer: A. Adoption Process
157. In social class grouping, white and blue collar workers with average pay can be classified as
A. Upper Middles
B. Working Class
C. Middle Class
D. Upper Uppers
Answer: C. Middle Class
158. Buyer decision process starts with
A. Need Recognition
B. Information Search
C. Evaluation Of Alternatives
D. Both B And C
Answer: A. Need Recognition
159. According to research, there are four factors that influence consumer buyer behavior:
A. Psychological, Personal, Social, CRM Systems
B. Cultural, Organizational, Personal, Psychological
C. Cultural, Social, Personal, Psychological
D. None Of The Above
Answer: B. Cultural, Organizational, Personal, Psychological
160. The psychological factors influencing consumer behavior are;
A. Motivation, Perception, Learning, Beliefs And Attitudes
B. Culture, Subculture, Social Class
C. Reference Groups, Family, Roles And Status
D. All Of The Above
Answer: B. Culture, Subculture, Social Class
161. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Sigmund Freud assumed that people are largely unconscious about the real psychological forces shaping their behavior
B. The term motivation research refers to qualitative research designed to probe Consumers hidden, subconscious motivations
C. Abraham Maslow sought to explain why people are driven by particular needs at particular times
D. Selective retention means that marketers must try to understand the mind-sets ofConsumers and how these will affect interpretations of advertising and sales information
Answer: B. The term motivation research refers to qualitative research designed to probe Consumers hidden, subconscious motivations
162. The consumers’ five steps of adopting a new product refer to which of the following?
A. Awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, adoption
B. Awareness, promotion, evaluation, trial, adoption
C. Adoption, interest, evaluation, trial promotion
D. Awareness, interest, cash cows, trial, adoption
Answer: B. Awareness, promotion, evaluation, trial, adoption
163. Contactual reference groups are:
A. Close groups that we currently belong to, or perhaps belonged to in the past, but no longer want to associate ourselves with.
B. Close groups with which we interact regularly and where there is a degree of proximity.
C. Groups of people that the consumer can identify or admire (often from afar), and aspires to be like them in some way.
D. none of the above
Answer: B. Close groups with which we interact regularly and where there is a degree of proximity.
164. The value-expressive influence of reference groups is:
A. When a consumer uses the reference group to actively get information from opinion leaders or expert groups.
B. When a person is influenced in their choice of brand by the preferences of those with whom they socialize, including family members and work colleagues.
C. When someone buys a particular brand to enhance their image, and because they admire characteristics of people who use the bra
Answer: C. When someone buys a particular brand to enhance their image, and because they admire characteristics of people who use the bra
165. Parental yielding is when:
A. A parent makes all purchases on behalf of a child.
B. A parent is influenced by a child’s request and ‘surrenders’.
C. A parent passes responsibility for purchases for children to another parental decision-maker.
D. none of the above
Answer: B. A parent is influenced by a child’s request and ‘surrenders’.
166. Cultural capital is:
A. The financial resources available to a person.
B. The relationships and social networks influencing behaviour.
C. The knowledge that is accumulated through upbringing and education, consisting of a set of distinctive tastes, skills, knowledge, and practices.
D. none of the above
Answer: C. The knowledge that is accumulated through upbringing and education, consisting of a set of distinctive tastes, skills, knowledge, and practices.
167. When companies try and create WOM around their brands, this is called:
A. Endogenous WOM
B. Exogenous WOM
C. Fake WOM
D. none of the above
Answer: B. Exogenous WOM
168. A teenager has lunch in McDonald’s with her friends, even though she doesn’t really like McDonald’s and privately prefers to eat the food at Subway. This is an example of which of the following types of conformity?
A. Informational conformity
B. Normative conformity
C. Compliance
D. Internalization
Answer: C. Compliance
Unit 4
169. According to the EC consumer behavior model, personal characteristics and environmentalcharacteristics are classified as:
A. independent variables
B. dependent variables
C. intervening variables
D. decision variables
Answer: B. dependent variables
170. The major environmental variables influencing EC purchasing are:
A. Price, brand, frequency of purchase, and tangibility.
B. Social, cultural, community, regulatory, political, and legal.
C. Age, gender, ethnicity, education, and lifestyle.
D. Price, social, cultural, ethnicity, and lifestyle.
Answer: A. Price, brand, frequency of purchase, and tangibility.
171. Pricing, technical support, and logistics support are several of the _______________ thatcan be controlled by EC vendors and sellers
A. independent variables
B. dependent variables
C. intervening variables
D. decision variables
Answer: B. dependent variables
172. Because online buyer’s decisions depend on numerous independent and intervening variables, decisions made by customers are classified as:
A. independent variables
B. dependent variables
C. intervening variables
D. decision variables
Answer: D. decision variables
173. Banner advertising on Web sites helps trigger a realization that there is a gap between reality and a desired state, which occurs in the __________ stage of the EC purchase decision-making process.
A. need identification
B. information search
C. evaluation, negotiation, and selection
D. purchase, payment, and deli
Answer: B. information search
174. Marketing and advertising aplproaches has evolved from mass marketing to market segmentation to one-to-one marketing. This evolution occurred because:
A. The marketing focus shifted from customers to products.
B. The internet enabled companies to better communicate with customers and understand their needs and buying habits.
C. Companies sought to decrease the number of marketing campaigns.
D. Concerns about privacy had diminished.
Answer: B. The internet enabled companies to better communicate with customers and understand their needs and buying habits.
175. The core of the “new marketing model” consists of:
A. Four P’s—product, place, price, and promotion.
B. Customer profiles.
C. Online marketing channels.
D. Customer relationships.
Answer: D. Customer relationships.
176. Personalization and user profiling strategies include each of the following EXCEPT:
A. Segmenting the market based on demographics.
B. Using questionnaires to collect information directly from the user.
C. Placing cookies on a user’s hard drive to collect information with or without the user’s knowledge.
D. Building from previous purchases or purchase patterns.
Answer: B. Using questionnaires to collect information directly from the user.
177. The two key factors limiting the use of personalization to more precisely target marketing efforts to individual customers are:
A. Matching profiles with product offerings and delivering those offerings.
B. Communication costs and filtering costs.
C. Privacy and trust issues.
D. Lack of customer loyalty and service customization costs.
Answer: B. Communication costs and filtering costs.
178. Issues related to trust in EC include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. As a result of trust-transference programs through portal affiliation, seal of approval programs, online shopping communities, and customer endorsements, customers are fully confident in online purchasing transactions.
B. When parties trust each other, they have confidence that transaction partners will keep their promises. However, both parties in the transaction assume some risk.
C. Trust is particularly important in global EC transactions due to the difficulty of taking legal action in cases of a dispute or fra
D. .
Answer: C. Trust is particularly important in global EC transactions due to the difficulty of taking legal action in cases of a dispute or fra
179. Procter & Gamble (P&G) used the Internet in the new product development of Whitestrips, a teeth-brightening product. Based on this experience, P&G:
A. Decided to add Internet research to its traditional marketing test model.
B. Could not determine the target market segments for the Whitestrips.
C. Learned that the cost of online surveys were about the same as similarly sized telephone surveys, but online surveys expedited research considerably,
D. Reduced the time-to-market from concept to market launch by approximately two years.
Answer: A. Decided to add Internet research to its traditional marketing test model.
180. All of the following are correct about market research methods EXCEPT:
A. It is important first to understand how groups of consumers are classified or segmented.
B. Markets can be segmented to increase the percentage of responses and to formulate effective marketing strategies that appeal to specific consumer groups.
C. Direct mail marketing methods are usually cost-effective.
D. Market segmentation is done with the aid of tools such as data modeling and data warehousing.
Answer: D. Market segmentation is done with the aid of tools such as data modeling and data warehousing.
181. Social class, lifestyle, personality, and activities are descriptors used in ___________market segmentation.
A. Geographic
B. Demographic
C. Psychographic
D. Cognitive, affective, behavioral
Answer: D. Cognitive, affective, behavioral
182. According to Inmon, B2C clickstream data can reveal information each of the following EXCEPT:
A. What goods the customer wanted to but could not find.
B. What goods the customer examined but did not purchase.
C. Which ads and promotions were effective and which were not.
D. Whether there are too many products for the customer to wade through.
Answer: B. What goods the customer examined but did not purchase.
183. Web analytics and mining tools and services:
A. Simply report which pages were clicked and how long a visitor stayed there.
B. Offer advanced functions that help marketers decide which products to promote, and merchandisers achieve a better understanding of the nature of demand.
C. Are used to redesign web sites quickly and on the fly.
D. Provide most companies with knowledge about how to use clickstream data effectively.
Answer: A. Simply report which pages were clicked and how long a visitor stayed there.
184. Once a company knows a consumer’s preferences, the company can predict, without asking the consumer directly, what other products or services that consumer might enjoy through ___________.
A. Active web bugs
B. Spyware
C. Collaborative filtering
D. Personalization
Answer: A. Active web bugs
185. Internal records are an important source of information. Which of the followingare not deemed as internal records?
A. Marketing and sales records.
B. Competitor information.
C. Accounting records.
D. Customer service records.
Answer: B. Competitor information.
186. Dunn and Bradstreet is the world’s largest research organization that specializes in information management and marketing intelligence. Which is one of its largest subsidiaries that are focused upon the retail industry?
A. Nielsen.
B. Info Act Workstation.
C. Homescan.
D. Key Account Scantrack.
Answer: A. Nielsen.
187. There are various types of research designed to obtain different types of information. What type of research is used to define problems and suggest hypotheses?
A. Secondary research.
B. Descriptive research.
C. Primary research.
D. Causal research.
Answer: B. Descriptive research.
188. Which of the following is not a defined use of marketing research?
A. To identify and define marketing opportunities and problems.
B. To improve understanding of the marketing process.
C. To generate, refine and evaluate marketing actions.
D. To justify previous marketing decisions.
Answer: D. To justify previous marketing decisions.
189. Which of the following is not a sales forecasting method?
A. Leading indicators.
B. Binomial regression.
C. Time lag analysis.
D. Time series analysis.
Answer: B. Binomial regression.
190. What type of research would be appropriate in the following situation? Nestlé wants to investigate the impact of children on their parents’ decisions to buy breakfast foods.
A. Focus groups.
B. Qualitative research.
C. Secondary research.
D. Quantitative research.
Answer: B. Qualitative research.
191. What type of research would be appropriate in the following situation? A college or university bookshop wants to get some insights into how students feel about the shop’s merchandise, prices and service.
A. Qualitative research.
B. Mixed methodology.
C. Quantitative research.
D. Focus groups.
Answer: D. Focus groups.
192. What type of research would be appropriate in the following situation? L’Oreal wants to determine whether a new line of deodorants for teenagers will be profitable
A. Quantitative research.
B. Mixed methodology.
C. Focus groups.
D. Primary research.
Answer: B. Mixed methodology.
193. Why is market research an essential tool for the marketing manager?
A. Monitor changing needs and attitudes, etc.
B. Develop more appropriate marketing mixes.
C. Monitor progress and diagnose the root causes of marketing problems.
D. Define and locate market segments.
Answer: D. Define and locate market segments.
194. __________________________ require either major change in an area of behavior that is relatively unimportant to the individual or a minor change in an area of behavior that is very important to the user.
A. Technologically continuous innovations
B. Dynamically continuous innovations
C. Differentiated continuous innovations
D. Subordinate influenced continuous innovations
Answer: B. Dynamically continuous innovations
195. Probably the most important factor to the success of an innovation is its perceived _____________________, that is, the extent to which it is viewed as providing clear benefits for the target market that are superior to those offered by competitive market offering.
A. Continuous Advantage
B. Pro-Bias Advantage
C. Competitive Advantage
D. Relative Advantage
Answer: D. Relative Advantage
196. Being the first firm to market a product successfully in an emerging market often leads to what is called the _____________________.
A. Relative Advantage
B. Pioneering Advantage
C. Comparative Advantage
D. Success Advantage
Answer: B. Pioneering Advantage
197. The __________________ of an innovation refers to the extent to which the innovation is consistent with present needs, motives, values, beliefs, and behaviors.
A. Complexity
B. Adoption Process
C. Consumption Paradigms
D. Compatibility
Answer: D. Compatibility
198. _______________________ or consumers’ ability to try out an innovation without incurring risk to valued resources (financial, esteem, status, time, information), is another factor critical to successful diffusion of innovations.
A. Trialability
B. Observability
C. Complexity
D. Plausibility
Answer: A. Trialability
199. The ________________ refers to the spread of an innovation from its creative sourceacross space and time.
A. Flow Process
B. Diffusion Process
C. Distribution Process
D. Channeling Process
Answer: B. Diffusion Process
200. By ___________________, we mean a preference for existing, familiar products, and behaviors over novel ones.
A. Continuous Innovations
B. Discontinuance
C. Innovation Resistance
D. Discontinuous Innovations
Answer: C. Innovation Resistance
201. The notion of _________________________ reflects the human desire for balance,order, and consistency between beliefs and behaviors.
A. Social Equilibrium
B. Pro-Innovation Bias
C. Neighborhood Effect
D. Psychological Equilibrium
Answer: D. Psychological Equilibrium
202. By ______________________ we mean we mean that the consumer stops purchasing or using the product.
A. Bandwagon Effects
B. Consumption Paradigms
C. Multi-Step Media Flow
D. Discontinuance
Answer: D. Discontinuance
203. In ‘stages of adoption process’, stage in which customer considers whether to tryproduct or not to is classified as
A. Awareness Stage
B. Interest Stage
C. Evaluation And Trial Stage
D. Adoption
Answer: C. Evaluation And Trial Stage
204. stages in adoption process’ involves
A. Awareness
B. Interest
C. Evaluation And Trial
D. All Of Above
Answer: D. All Of Above
205. According to brand personality traits, ‘excitement’ is concluded as brand being
A. Outdoorsy And Tough
B. Daring And Imaginative
C. Cheerful And Wholesome
D. Charming And Upper Class
Answer: B. Daring And Imaginative
206. Highly involved consumer buying behavior while perceiving significant differencesbetween brands is called
A. Complex Buoying Behavior
B. Variety Seeking Buying Behavior
C. Dissonance Reducing Buying Behavior
D. Habitual Buying Behavior
Answer: A. Complex Buoying Behavior
207. Procedure in marketing which consists of enlisting opinion leaders as “brand ambassadors” is called
A. Leading Marketing
B. Buzz Marketing
C. Online Marketing
D. None Of Above
Answer: B. Buzz Marketing
208. If customer ‘s expectations and products performance matches, customer is
A. Satisfied
B. Dissatisfied
C. Delighted
D. None Of Above
Answer: A. Satisfied
209. In buyer decision process, stage in which purchase intention is transformed in to purchasedecision is called
A. Need Recognition
B. Information Search
C. Purchase Decision
D. Both B And C
Answer: C. Purchase Decision
210. ‘Maslow’s hierarchy of needs’ includes
A. Physiological Needs
B. Self Actualization Needs
C. Esteem Needs
D. All Of Above
Answer: D. All Of Above
211. Tendency of difficult understanding related to use of market offering is called
A. Relative Advantage
B. Complexity
C. Communicability
D. Compatibility
Answer: B. Complexity
212. Adopter group who is suspicious of change is classified as
A. Late Majority
B. Early Majority
C. Laggard
D. Early Adopter
Answer: C. Laggard
213. Which of these is considered to be a better indicator of likely buyer behaviour?
A. Personality
B. Attitude
C. Intention To Act
D. none of the above
Answer: C. Intention To Act
214. Which of these is not a method of changing attitudes?
A. Change The Priority Of Attributes
B. Change The Media
C. Introduce A New Attribute
D. Change Brand Associations
Answer: B. Change The Media
215. How many stages are there in the general purchase decision process?
A. Seven
B. Three
C. Nine
D. Five
Answer: D. Five
216. In a marketing context, the term ‘evoked set’ means:
A. A Small Group Of Preferred Brands
B. Memories Of Past Purchases
C. Special Purchases
D. All Purchase Decisions
Answer: A. A Small Group Of Preferred Brands
217. Hedonic consumption is about:
A. Hair Care Products
B. Emotional Impact Of Purchases
C. Fantastic Images
D. Hysterical Imagery
Answer: B. Emotional Impact Of Purchases
218. Which one of the following does NOT reflect the correct use of the term ‘tribe’ when used to describe communities characterized by people who share:
A. Lifestyles
B. Fantasies
C. Experiences
D. Emotions
Answer: B. Fantasies
219. Behavioural economics is a rejection of which classical theory?
A. Economics
B. Psychology
C. Consumption
D. Sociology
Answer: C. Consumption
220. In order to change existing behaviours, people need to be presented with a choice that makes decision making feel:
A. Effortless
B. Spontaneous
C. Involving
D. Considered
Answer: D. Considered
221. The ultimate goal of marketing is to:
A. Facilitate Consumer Experimentation
B. Satisfy Consumer Needs For Information
C. Raise Consumer Awareness
D. Ensure Long-Run Consumer Behaviour
Answer: D. Ensure Long-Run Consumer Behaviour
222. Long-run consumer behaviour in the context of both low and high involvement decision making is positively influenced by:
A. Image
B. Quality
C. Price
D. Information
Answer: B. Quality