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Fermentation Technology Multiple Choice Questions on “Aeration and Agitation – Scale Up and Scale Down”.
1. What do you mean by ‘scale-up’?
A. Decreasing the scale of fermentation
B. Increasing the scale of fermentation
C. Decreasing the rate of agitation
D. Increasing the rate of fermentationid5fdc59703eba1″
Answer: B
Clarification: Scale-up means increasing the scale of fermentation. Increasing the scale of fermentation involves the increase in volume that is from small scale to large scale.
2. Which of the following is not a scale-up process?
A. Laboratory to pilot-scale
B. Pilot-scale to industrial-scale
C. Industrial to pilot-scale
D. Laboratory to industrial-scaleid5fdc59703ebc3″
Answer: C
Clarification: The scale-up process involves increasing the scale of fermentation by performing the experiments at laboratory or pilot scale and build large-scale fermenters with sufficient confidence that it will function properly.
3. Which of the following factors are not involved in the scale-up process?
A. Inoculum development
B. Sterilization
C. Temperature
D. Medium designid5fdc59703ebd3″
Answer: D
Clarification: The factors involved in the scale-up process are inoculum development, sterilization, and environmental parameters like temperature, pH, foam production, dissolved oxygen concentration, etc.
4. Who summarized the procedure for scaling up both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fermentations?
A. Hubbard
B. Fox
C. Lilly
D. Sinclairid5fdc59703ebdf”
Answer: A
Clarification: Hubbard et al. summarized the procedure for scaling up both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fermentations. They also proposed two methods to determine the large-scale conditions: Determine volumetric air flow and calculation of agitator speed.
5. Given below is a graphical representation of the scale-up window. What do the x and y-axis denote?
A. y – agitation, x – aeration
B. y – aeration, x – agitation
C. y – KLa, x – time
D. y – time, x – KLaid5fdc59703ebea”
Answer: A
Clarification: The x-axis denotes aeration and y-axis denotes agitation. The graph shows the ‘scale-up’ window defining the operating boundaries for aeration agitation in the scale-up fermentation.
6. Which of the following is not a rule while doing scale-up studies?
A. The similarity in the geometry of the fermenter used
B. The similarity in the configuration of the fermenter used
C. There should a minimum of three or four stages of increment
D. Increasing power is a jump in scaleid5fdc59703ebf5″
Answer: D
Clarification: Increasing the power or magnitude is not a jump in scale. The jump in scale means performing laboratory-scale experiments at a pilot-scale or industrial scale-level. The geometry and the configuration of the fermenters used at both scales should be the same.
7. If scale-up studies failed, proceed with scale-down.
A. True
B. Falseid5fdc59703ec01″
Answer: A
Clarification: If the scale-up studies failed, then abort the system and proceed with scale-down. Abort the system with the economic loss to the investors or else find the cause which leads to the failure of the system.
8. What do you mean by ‘scale-down’?
A. Decreasing the scale of fermentation
B. Increasing the scale of fermentation
C. Decreasing the rate of agitation
D. Increasing the rate of fermentationid5fdc59703ec0b”
Answer: A
Clarification: Scale-up means decreasing the scale of fermentation. Decreasing the scale of fermentation involves the decrease in volume that is from large scale to small scale.
9. Which of the following is a scale-down process?
A. Laboratory to pilot-scale
B. Pilot-scale to industrial-scale
C. Industrial to pilot-scale
D. Laboratory to industrial-scaleid5fdc59703ec15″
Answer: C
Clarification: Scale-down is the situation where laboratory or pilot-scale experiments are conducted under the conditions which mimic the industrial-scale conditions. It is the most important for the development of a new product.
10. Which of the following is not an aspect in the context of scale-down?
A. Number of generations
B. Oxygen Transfer rate
C. Mixing
D. Temperatureid5fdc59703ec1f”
Answer: D
Clarification: The experiments in the context of scale-down methods is as follows:
i) Number of generations
ii) Oxygen Transfer Rate
iii) Mixing
iv) Medium design
v) Medium sterilization.
11. Who reviewed the scale-down methods?
A. Jem
B. Lilly
C. Fox
D. Sinclairid5fdc59703ec28″
Answer: A
Clarification: Jem in 1989 reviewed the scale-down methods which were used to mimic the industrial-scale level experiments at pilot-scale or laboratory-scale levels. It is important in the production of important products.
12. Shear conditions do not affect scale-up studies.
A. True
B. Falseid5fdc59703ec32″
Answer: B
Clarification: Environmental parameters like shear conditions, pressure, temperature, pH, etc. affect the scale-up studies. All these parameters are affected by agitation and aeration in terms of mixing of oxygen.
13. Which of the following process is used in the recovery of the product?
A. Downstream processing
B. Upstream processing
C. Chromatography
D. Treatment processid5fdc59703ec3c”
Answer: A
Clarification: Downstream processing has been used in the recovery of the product. It is also used in the purification of the product and manufacture antibiotics, antibodies, hormones, vaccines and is also used for the production of industrial enzymes.
14. Which of the following fermentation is carried out by yeast?
A. Lactic acid fermentation
B. Alcohol fermentation
C. Pyruvic fermentation
D. Acrylic fermentationid5fdc59703ec45″
Answer: A
Clarification: The fermentation which is carried out by yeast is called lactic acid fermentation. It is a process used for the conversion of glucose into energy and lactate. It occurs anaerobically.