(a) Formed by the breaking-up of volcanic rocks mainly basalt. It has been formed in situ, i.e., they are formed where they are found.
(b) Found in Maharashtra, M.P., Gujarat (Deccan Trap).
(c) Main characteristics are:
(i) Black in colour due to its iron content.
(ii) Clayey in nature.
(iii) Rich in iron, lime, calcium and magnesium.
(iv) It is moisture retentive.
(v) When dry it develops cracks but when wet it becomes sticky.
(vi) Deficient in nitrogen, phosphorous and organic matter.
(d) Crops grown are: cotton, sugar cane, wheat and tobacco.