[Biology Class Notes] on Blood Cancer Symptoms]]>

Blood cancers are also known as hematologic cancers. It occurs in the bone marrow, the production house of blood. Blood cancer may occur due to the growth of abnormal blood cells in our body. They tend to interrupt bodily function and normal blood cells which are responsible for producing new blood cells and fighting off any infection. Therefore, blood cancers affect the bone marrow and blood cells. The abnormal cells are cancerous and lead to excessive reproduction of white blood cells.

 

The Symptoms of Blood Cancer

• There are multiple signs and symptoms of blood cancer. These depend on the type of blood cancer a patient is experiencing. Many people do not feel the symptoms until the disease reaches its advanced stage. Occasionally the symptoms can also be mistaken as signs of severe flu or cold. The overall symptoms include:

•   Fever or chill

•   Night sweats

•  Frequent infection   

•  Coughing or chest pain    

•  Itchy skin or rash

•  Shortness of breath        

•  Loss of appe or nausea       

•  Swollen armpits, groin and painless lymph nodes in the neck

Types of Blood Cancer

There are three types of blood cancers. These are – 

• Leukemia –Leukemia is a kind of cancer that is commonly found in bone marrow and blood. It is caused when the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells gets initiated. These white blood cells are unable to fight the infection and thus, impair the ability of bone marrow for further production of healthy red blood cells and platelets.  

• Myeloma – it is a form of cancer that is caused in the plasma cells. Plasma cells are actually white blood cells that produce antibodies which are responsible for fighting infection and diseases in the body. The normal production of these antibodies is hampered by Myeloma cells. This weakens the immune system, and hence, the body becomes susceptible to infection.    

• Lymphoma – This Is a blood cancer that affects the lymphatic system of our body. The system is responsible for removing the excess fluids from the body and producing immune cells. A lymphocyte is a kind of white blood cell that helps in fighting infection. Some of these lymphocytes become abnormal and form lymphoma cells. Later, they start multiplying in the lymph nodes and other tissues. Over time, the cancerous cells impair the immune system. 

As per the recent study, there have been more than 100 types of blood cancers recognized. Treatments for these vary based on active surveillance apart from cancer-directed therapy and standard treatments like targeted agents, chemotherapies and immunotherapies. Therefore, it is important to have an accurate diagnosis before deciding on the treatment.

Staging of Blood Cancer

• First, several tests will be conducted to determine the type and stage of blood cancer. With the staging process, it is possible to discern the severity and spread of cancer. Staging is often paired with the proper diagnosis. Some of the procedures and tests for diagnosing blood cancer are:

•   The exam of Bone marrow

•   Physical exam

• Test of Diagnostic imaging – PET scan, X-Ray and CT scan     

•  Blood tests

• Removal of Surgical lymph node 

Staging helps every member of the caregiving team in knowing the location, spread and type of particular cancer.This system must be consistent, and cancers tend to affect organs, including other tissues.

What are the Causes of Blood Cancer?

Blood cancers are caused by changes, or technically, due to mutations in DNA of the blood cells. The abnormal behavior of the blood cells is caused due to mutation. In most cases, these changes are often linked to certain uncontrollable factors. It can happen anytime in a person’s life, and they are genetic faults which have the risk of passing down to children. Although it is still unknown why a person develops blood cancer. However, there are certain things that link the probability of this fatal disease. These are:

Is It Possible To Reduce the Risk of Blood Cancer?

Lifestyle factors like daily exercising and diet have very little impact on the risk of developing blood cancer. However, following a healthy lifestyle can certainly reduce the chances of developing symptoms.

Explanation of Blood Cancer and its Formation

Our body is made from trillions of cells, and they form exceptional building blocks. Our body and even the blood are made up of cells. The cells in our body are constantly facing death and again getting replaced by new ones. This is the process through which our body grows and repairs. Usually, cells get divided (split) in a controlled

manner to come up with new cells whenever required. The development of cells,their behavior and death rate is controlled by a substance in our blood, called DNA. Complications with DNA or improper function cause the blood cells to go abnormal and stop further development. They don’t die, multiply or divide when they should, and this causes the formation of blood cancer. After a certain stage, these abnormal blood cells keep multiplying and outnumber the healthy ones which are properly functioning. This stops the body from staying healthy, especially when it comes to fighting infections and repairing the damage.

Types of General Treatment Available to Cure Blood Cancer

As you know, the treatment process is determined based on the type of blood cancer a patient has. However, the general treatment process includes:

Some people might not need treatment straight away, and some don’t even need it. If a blood cancer is in
the slow-growing process, the doctor usually recommends waiting and watching. In this process, the patient is kept under regular check-ups, monitoring and blood tests. No active treatment is required at the moment. However, this doesn’t mean that the patient can’t be treated. This process opts when the doctor believes that there is no reason to implement a treatment process. This treatment is the best process until the patient experiences any harmful or troublesome symptom.

The treatment process of chemotherapy includes drugs that kill or destroy the cancerous cells. This treatment process is often given directly into the vein. This is done so that the drug travels throughout the body within the nervous system and kills the cancer cells. This is known as intravenous chemotherapy. It is known to have an infusion or drip. In most cases, chemotherapy comes in a bag of fluid attached to a tube. This tube goes in the vein, inserted from the hand, chest or arm.

Receiving chemotherapy in this way requires several hours, sometimes reaching more than a day. Most patients receive chemotherapy as an outpatient, which means they come to the hospital to receive the treatment and go back to home after the process is done. 

Conclusion

The risk factor for blood cancer is still unknown and not fully understood. However, completely on the belief, it is considered that the formation of this fatal disease develops from the combination of environmental and genetic factors.

How to Make Notes on Blood Cancer Before an Exam

• Go through ’s Blood Cancer Symptoms – Types, Stages, Causes and Treatment

• This page needs to be gone through thoroughly

• Highlight all the important portions here

• use drawings or flow charts to understand the concept well

• Do not write down everything that’s on the page

• Write brief sentences

• Use your own words to write the notes down 

• Revise from it before an exam

How Vedanu Contains Relevant Study Material on Blood Cancer for the Students to Read From

has apt information on blood cancer that all students can go through. The material makes a lot of sense as it has been written down in simple terms by the Biology teachers. Anyone who reads this page can understand how it’s caused, what its symptoms are and what the treatment protocols are. The apt knowledge on blood cancer will assist all students of Biology in answering questions during exams. It will also enhance the learning of all those students who wish to pursue Biology in their later years as knowing about any disease in depth will be an added advantage to them.