[Biology Class Notes] on Osteoarthritis Pdf for Exam

Joint disease caused by the gin joints, injury, and obesity are osteoarthritis. It is usually referred to as “wear and tear” of the joints, but now it is scientifically researched that it is a disease affecting the entire joint, including the cartilage, joint lining, ligaments, and bone.

Osteoarthritis occurs from the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. The joint pain and stiffness are the most common symptoms. Near the end of the fingers, the base of the thumb, neck, lower back, knee, and hips, are the most commonly involved joints.

What Causes Osteoarthritis?

It can be caused by the mechanical stress on the joints and low-grade inflammatory processes. It develops once cartilage is lost, and the underlying bone becomes affected. Osteoarthritis might be caused by gross cartilage loss and morphological damage to joint tissues; more subtle biochemical changes occur in the earliest stages of OA progression.

It usually happens gradually over time. The risk factors which might lead to it include:

1. Being overweight

2. Getting older

3. Joint injury

4. Joints that are not formed properly

5. A genetic defect in joint cartilage

6. Stress on the joints owing to specific jobs and playing sports.

Types of Osteoarthritis

There are two main types of osteoarthritis mainly : Primary: Most common, generalized, primarily affects the fingers, thumbs, spine, hips, knees, and the great (big) toes.

Arthritis Types

Includes a variety of inflammatory and noninflammatory joint diseases gout, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Hip:

Sometimes pain appears in different locations, including the groin, thigh, buttocks, or knee, in the osteoarthritis of the hip. There would be stabbing and sharp pain, or it could be a dull ache, and the hip is often stiff.

Foot and Ankle:

Each foot has more than30 joints and 28 bones. These are the most common foot joints affected by osteoarthritis:

1. The three joints of the heel bone of the foot, the inner mid-foot bone, and the outer mid-foot bone.

2. The big toe and foot bone joint. 

3. The joint where the ankle and shinbone meet.

Osteoarthritis of the Knee:

Age is the usual reason behind osteoarthritis of the knee. Some degree of osteoarthritis is being developed eventually by almost everyone. However, several factors increase the risk of developing significant arthritis at an earlier age, such as weight, heredity, gender, repetitive stress injuries, athletics, and other illnesses.

Hand:

Osteoarthritis of the hand is more frequent in certain spots like the base of the thumb, at the end of the finger closest to the nail and middle of the finger.

Spinal:

As people get old, osteoarthritis of the spine occurs. Younger people may get it from one of the several causes such as injury or trauma to a joint or a genetic defect involving cartilage.

Shoulder:

In the people of age over 50, osteoarthritis of the shoulder most often occurs . In younger people, it could be a result of an injury or trauma, such as a fractured or dislocated shoulder.

Cervical:

It is a condition that involves changes to the bones, discs, and joints of the neck.

Osteoarthritis Symptoms

Some of the signs and symptoms are given below:

1. Excess pain in joints while moving.

2. Affected joints feel tender when applied with little pressure.

3. The stiffness of the joint is most noticeable after morning wakeup or after a period of inactivity.

4. The affected joint may not be able to move through its full range of motion due to the loss of flexibility.

5. While moving, a grating sensation of the affected joint. 

6. The extra bit of bone is the bone spurs, which feels like hard lumps and form around the affected joint.

Osteoarthritis Treatment

This is a chronic disease. There is no cure, but treatments are available to manage the symptoms. The disease would include several factors:

1. Managing symptoms such as pain, stiffness, and swelling.

2. Improving joint mobility and flexibility.

3. Maintaining a healthy weight.

4. Getting enough exercise.

Fun Facts

1. A type of arthritis is known as osteoarthritis, which occurs when flexible tissue at the ends of bones wears down.

2. Sometimes osteoarthritis is also referred to as wear-and-tear arthritis and degenerative arthritis.

3. Most patients have increased joint pain during activity which is relieved with rest.

4. The disease is more prevalent among older people and more women than men have osteoarthritis.

5. Treatment options focus on controlling pain, preserving function, and slowing progression.

6. By 2030, approximately 20 percent of Americans over 65 and will be at high risk for developing osteoarthritis.

7. With the increase of our age, there are many lifestyle modifications that can help to lower our risk of developing osteoarthritis or help us manage the condition. These are losing weight, being more active (especially doing exercises to strengthen the muscles t
   hat support your joints), and doing regular stretching is especially helpful.