Essentials of Formal Logic Multiple Choice Questions
1. Logic is the science of———–.
A. thought
B. beauty
C. mind
D. goodness
Answer: A. thought
2. Aesthetics is the science of ————.
A. truth
B. matter
C. goodness
D. beauty.
Answer: A. truth
3. Logic is a ———— science
A. positive
B. normative
C. descriptive
D. natural.
Answer: B. normative
4. A normative science is also called ———— science.
A. natural
B. descriptive
C. positive
D. evaluative.
Answer: D. evaluative.
5. The ideal of logic is
A. truth
B. beauty
C. goodness
D. god
Answer: B. beauty
6. The ideal of ethics is
A. truth
B. beauty
C. goodness
D. god
Answer: C. goodness
7. The ideal of aesthetics is
A. truth
B. beauty
C. goodness
D. god.
Answer: B. beauty
8. The process by which one proposition is arrived at on the basis of other propositions is called———–.
A. term
B. concept
C. inference
D. connotation.
Answer: C. inference
9. Only————— sentences can become propositions.
A. indicative
B. exclamatory
C. interogative
D. imperative.
Answer: A. indicative
10. Propositions which supports the conclusion of an argument are called
A. inferences
B. premises
C. terms
D. concepts.
Answer: B. premises
11. That proposition which is affirmed on the basis of premises is called
A. term
B. concept
C. idea
D. conclusion.
Answer: D. conclusion.
12. The etymological meaning of the word logic is
A. the science of mind
B. the science of thought
C. the science of conduct
D. the science of beautyody .
Answer: B. the science of thought
13. The systematic body of knowledge about a particular branch of the universe is called——- .
A. science
B. art
C. religion
D. opinion.
Answer: A. science
14. The process of forming a mental image is called
A. willing
B. feeling
C. conception
D. knowing.
Answer: C. conception
15. The verbal expression of a concept is called a ——–.
A. proposition
B. argument
C. judgment
D. term.
Answer: D. term.
16. The verbal expression of a judgment is called ———-.
A. argument
B. term
C. proposition
D. reasoning.
Answer: C. proposition
17. The verbal expression of reasoning is called———.
A. an argument
B. a term
C. a proposition
D. a concept.
Answer: A. an argument
18. According to James Mill logic is
A. an art
B. a science
C. science and art
D. religion.
Answer: B. a science
19. “Logic is the science which treats of the operations of the human mind in its search for truth”- is a definition of logic by
A. creighton
B. whately
C. mill
D. thompson.
Answer: A. creighton
20. A ———- is either true or false.
A. question
B. command
C. proposition
D. exclamation.
Answer: C. proposition
21. A ——- does not belong to a particular language.
A. sentence
B. proposition
C. judgment
D. term.
Answer: B. proposition
22. A ——– does not have a physical existence.
A. proposition
B. sentence
C. term
D. judgment.
Answer: A. proposition
23. The premisses provide conclusive grounds for the conclusion in ———– argument.
A. inductive
B. deductive
C. fallacious
D. intuitive.
Answer: B. deductive
24. The argumentation becomes a closed system in
A. deduction
B. induction
C. material logic
D. intuitive logic.
Answer: A. deduction
25. That cannot advance beyond the scope of its premises is
A. induction
B. material logiv
C. deduction
D. dilemma.
Answer: C. deduction
26. The defining feature of a valid deduction is its
A. vagueness
B. uncertatinty
C. indefiniteness
D. certainty.
Answer: D. certainty.
27. Deductive arguments are typically ———-.
A. analytic
B. synthetic
C. intuitive
D. material.
Answer: A. analytic
28. The relationship between premises and conclusion in a deductive argument is–.
A. cause-effect
B. analytic-synthetic
C. a priori-a posteriori
D. implication-entailment.
Answer: D. implication-entailment.
29. In induction, reasoning proceeds to a conclusion that is ———- to the scope of its premises.
A. confined
B. not confined
C. narrow
D. restricted.
Answer: B. not confined
30. In inductive reasoning the conclusion is ——-.
A. probable
B. certain
C. definite
D. predictable.
Answer: A. probable
31. Discovering a new ——- is permissible in inductive reasoning.
A. cause
B. effect
C. assumption
D. evidence.
Answer: D. evidence.
32. Inductive arguments are properly characterised as
A. valid-invalid
B. strong-weak
C. definite-indefinite
D. certain-uncertain.
Answer: B. strong-weak
33. Induvtive method is identified with
A. religious activity
B. scientific activity
C. moral activity
D. aesthetic activity.
Answer: B. scientific activity
34. A single —— is enough to prove the inductive conclusion false.
A. intuition
B. assumption
C. counter-example
D. concept.
Answer: C. counter-example
35. An advantage of inductive reasoning is
A. to sustain existing belifs
B. to formulate valid arguments
C. to create aesthetic sense
D. to frame future expectations.
Answer: D. to frame future expectations.
36. Truth or Falsehood may be predicated of ——–.
A. arguments
B. inferences
C. propositions
D. syllogism.
Answer: C. propositions
37. Validity or Invalidity may be predicated of ———.
A. deductive arguments
B. propositions
C. terms
D. concepts.
Answer: A. deductive arguments
38. The falsehood of a valid deductive argument’s conclusion guarantees that
A. the argument is sound
B. atleast one of the premise is false
C. premises are true
D. the validity is uncertain.
Answer: B. atleast one of the premise is false
39. If it is possible for the premises of a deductive argument to be true and its conclusion to be false, that argument is
A. valid
B. invalid
C. indescribable
D. sound.
Answer: B. invalid
40. The claim of an inductive argument is that premises provide———- for the conclusion.
A. invalidity
B. absolute evidence
C. no evidence
D. some evidence
Answer: D. some evidence
41. The following argument: Aristotle is human and mortal. Bacon is human and mortal. Castro is human and mortal. Descartes is human and mortal. Therefore all humans are mortal. is an example for ——— argument.
A. deductive
B. inductive
C. syllogistic
D. deduction-induction combined.
Answer: B. inductive
42. A valid deductive argument with true premises is called a —— argument.
A. sound
B. unsound
C. fallacious
D. dilemma.
Answer: A. sound
43. A deductive argument is sound if and only if it is
A. valid and all its premises are true
B. invalid and all its premises are true
C. is valid and one of the premise is false
D. is valid and its conclusion is false.
Answer: A. valid and all its premises are true
44. Deduction and Induction are two main forms of———.
A. beliefs
B. concepts
C. reasoning
D. assumptions.
Answer: C. reasoning
45. Deductive logic is also known as
A. intuitive logic
B. material logic
C. formal logic
D. scientific logic.
Answer: C. formal logic
46. Inductive logic is also known as
A. formal logic
B. model logic
C. material logic
D. sentential logic
Answer: C. material logic
47. The following argument:
“ All mammals have wings. All reptiles are mammals. Therefore all reptiles have wings ”. Is———-.
A. inductive
B. invalid
C. sound
D. valid.
Answer: D. valid.
48. Deduction and Induction are two types of———-.
A. arguments
B. terms
C. prpositions
D. concepts.
Answer: A. arguments
49. A term can have ——– in its proposition.
A. vague meaning
B. many meanings
C. no meaning
D. only one meaning.
Answer: D. only one meaning.
50. Words and names can become terms only if they are used in———.
A. an argument
B. propostion
C. thought
D. reasoning.
Answer: B. propostion
51. Both premises and conclusion of an argument are _______.
A. commands
B. propositions
C. exclamations
D. questions.
Answer: B. propositions
52. The two kinds of propositions are
A. connotative – denotative
B. abstract – concrete
C. categorical – conditional
D. good – bad
Answer: C. categorical – conditional
53. The sign of relation between two terms is called a ________.
A. subject
B. predicate
C. object
D. copula
Answer: D. copula
54. Denotation is the same as _______.
A. extension
B. intension
C. value
D. meaning
Answer: A. extension
55. The function of suggesting qualities possessed by the objects is known as _______.
A. evaluating
B. denoting
C. connoting
D. meaning
Answer: C. connoting
56. Connotation is the same as _______.
A. intension
B. extension
C. value
D. meaning
Answer: A. intension
57. In a categorical proposition the predicate is either affirmed or denied _______ of the subject
A. unconditionally
B. conditionally
C. emotionally
D. fallaciously
Answer: A. unconditionally
58. The proposition “if you work hard you will succeed “ – is an example for _______ proposition.
A. categorical
B. conditional
C. negative
D. emotive
Answer: B. conditional
59. A disjunctive proposition is ________ proposition.
A. conditional
B. unconditional
C. categorical
D. imperative.
Answer: A. conditional
60. Affirmative or Negative is the classification of propositions on the basis of _________.
A. quantity
B. quality
C. validity
D. truth.
Answer: B. quality
61. Universal or Particular is the classification of the propositions on the basis of _______.
A. quantity
B. quality
C. validity
D. truth.
Answer: A. quantity
62. The quantity of a proposition is determined by the __________ of the subject.
A. intension
B. extension
C. quality
D. predicate.
Answer: B. extension
63. A proposition in which the predicate refers to all individual objects denoted by the subject is
called
A. particular
B. negative
C. disjunctive
D. universal.
Answer: D. universal.
64. A proposition in which the predicate belongs only to a part of the denotation of the subject
is called
A. particular
B. negative
C. disjunctive
D. universal.
Answer: A. particular
65. Individual propositions are to be regarded as___________.
A. universal
B. particular
C. negative
D. fallacy.
Answer: A. universal
66. That proposition in which the quantity of the subject is not stated clearly but left vague is
called______________.
A. dilemma
B. fallacy
C. indefinite
D. false.
Answer: C. indefinite
67. The proposition: “ All men are mortal.”- is an example for____________ proposition.
A. universal affirmative
B. universal negative
C. particular affirmative
D. particular negative.
Answer: A. universal affirmative
68. The proposition: “ No men are perfect”.- is an example for __________ proposition.
A. universal affirmative
B. universal negative
C. particular affirmative
D. particular negative.
Answer: B. universal negative
69. The proposition: “ Some flowers are red “ – is an example for _________ proposition.
A. universal affirmative
B. universal negative
C. particular affirmative
D. particular negative.
Answer: C. particular affirmative
70. The proposition: “ Some Indians are not religious”- is an example for ______ proposition.
A. universal affirmative
B. universal negative
C. particular affirmative
D. particular negative.
Answer: D. particular negative.
71. When a term is used in its entire extent referring to to the objects denoted by the term, that
term is said to be___________.
A. undistributed
B. excluded
C. distributed
D. verified.
Answer: C. distributed
72. When a term refers only to part the class of things denoted by the term, that term is said to
be____________.
A. undistributed
B. unexcluded
C. distributed
D. verified.
Answer: A. undistributed
73. Universal affirmative proposition distributes _________.
A. subject
B. predicate
C. both subject and predicate
D. neither subject nor predicate.
Answer: A. subject
74. Universal negative proposition distributes___________.
A. subject
B. predicate
C. both subject and predicate
D. neither subject nor predicate.
Answer: C. both subject and predicate
75. Particular affirmative proposition distributes _________.
A. subject
B. predicate
C. both subject and predicate
D. neither subject nor predicate.
Answer: D. neither subject nor predicate.
76. Particular negative proposition distributes __________.
A. subject
B. predicate
C. both subject and predicate
D. neither subject nor predicate.
Answer: B. predicate
77. The process of passing directly from a single proposition to a conclusion is
A. immediate inference
B. mediate inference
C. definition
D. classification.
Answer: A. immediate inference
78. _____________ asserts the agreement or disagreement of a subject and predicate after
having compared each with middle term.
A. immediate inference
B. mediate inference
C. definition
D. classification.
Answer: B. mediate inference
79. Opposition is a ___________ inference.
A. indirect
B. absurd
C. mediate
D. immediate.
Answer: D. immediate.
80. Eduction is a ___________ inference.
A. indirect
B. absurd
C. mediate
D. immediate.
Answer: D. immediate.
81. __________ is the relation between two universal propositions having the same subject but
differing in quality only.
A. contrary opposition
B. contradictory opposition
C. subaltern
D. sub- contrary.
Answer: A. contrary opposition
82. ___________ is the relation between two propositions having the same subject but differing
in both quality and quantity.
A. contrary opposition
B. contradictory opposition
C. subalternation
D. sub- contrary.
Answer: B. contradictory opposition
83. The relation between two particular propositions having the same subject and predicate but
differing in quality is_________opposition.
A. contrary
B. contradictory
C. subalternation
D. sub-contrary.
Answer: D. sub-contrary.
84. ______ opposition is the relation between two propositions having the same subject and
predicate but differing in quantity only.
A. contrary
B. contradictory
C. subaltern
D. sub-contrary.
Answer: C. subaltern
85. If one of the contraries is true the truth-value of the other is
A. true
B. false
C. neither true nor false
D. both true and false.
Answer: B. false
86. If one of the contraries is false the truth-value of the other is
A. true
B. false
C. doubtful
D. neither true nor false.
Answer: C. doubtful
87. If one of the contradictories is true the other must be _______.
A. true
B. false
C. doubtful
D. neither true nor false.
Answer: B. false
88. Contrary propositions cannot both be ________.
A. true
B. false
C. true and false
D. doubtful.
Answer: A. true
89. Of two sub-contraries if one is false the other is necessarily______
A. true
B. false
C. doubtful
D. neither true nor false.
Answer: A. true
90. Of two sub-contraries if one is true the other is ________.
A. true
B. false
C. doubtful
D. neither true nor false.
Answer: C. doubtful
91. Between subalterns if the universal is true the particular is
A. true
B. false
C. doubtfil
D. both true and false.
Answer: A. true
92. If the particular proposition of a subaltern relation is false its corresponding universal
proposition will be_______.
A. true
B. false
C. both true and false
D. doubtful.
Answer: B. false
93. If the particular proposition of a subaltern relation is true, the truth-value of the universal
proposition is
A. true
B. false
C. both true and false
D. doubtful.
Answer: D. doubtful.
94. The proposition: “Socrates is wise”, is an example for ___________ proposition.
A. negative
B. singular
C. emotive
D. invalid.
Answer: B. singular
95. The quantity of the proposition is determined by the extension of the ______.
A. subject
B. predicate
C. both subject and predicate
D. copula.
Answer: A. subject
96. In a conditional proposition the part which expresses the condition by ‘if’ or its equvalent is
A. antecedent
B. consequent
C. opposite
D. meaning.
Answer: A. antecedent
97. ________ is a unit of reasoning in logic.
A. term
B. copula
C. proposition
D. subject.
Answer: C. proposition
98. Euler’s circles are diagrams representing ________ of the terms.
A. distribution
B. quality
C. quantity
D. meaning.
Answer: A. distribution
99. A syllogism is a form of ___________ inference.
A. mediate
B. immediate
C. intuitive
D. inductive.
Answer: A. mediate
100. A syllogism is form of mediate _________ inference.
A. deductive
B. inductive
C. intuitive
D. fallacious.
Answer: A. deductive
101. A syllogism consists of _______ terms.
A. five
B. two
C. three
D. four.
Answer: C. three
102. A syllogism consists of ________ premisses.
A. two
B. three
C. four
D. five.
Answer: B. three
103. The major term is the _______________.
A. subject of the conclusion
B. copula
C. predicate of the conclusion
D. predicate of the minor premise.
Answer: B. copula
104. The minor term is the _______________.
A. subject of the conclusion
B. predicate of the conclusion
C. subject of the major premise
D. predicate of the major premise.
Answer: A. subject of the conclusion
105. That term which occurs in the premises and not in the conclusion is
A. major term
B. minor term
C. copula
D. middle term.
Answer: D. middle term.
106. __________ performs the function of an intermediary.
A. major term
B. middle term
C. minor term
D. copula.
Answer: B. middle term
107. Each term occurs ______ in the syllogism.
A. once
B. twice
C. thrice
D. four times.
Answer: B. twice
108. “B is a friend of C. A is a friend of B.
Therefore A is a friend of C.” The above syllogism commits the fallacy of__________.
A. quarterino-terminorum
B. ambiguous major
C. ambiguous minor
D. equivocation.
Answer: A. quarterino-terminorum
109. ____________ is a fallacy which occurs when a syllogism uses its major term in one sense in
the premise and in a different sense in the conclusion.
A. fallacy of ambiguous major
B. fallacy of ambiguous minor
C. fallacy of ambiguous middle
D. fallacy of undistributed middle.
Answer: A. fallacy of ambiguous major
110. ____________ is a fallacy which occurs when in a syllogism the minor term means one thing
in the minor premise and quite another in the conclusion.
A. fallacy of ambiguous major
B. fallacy of ambiguous minor
C. fallacy of ambiguous middle
D. fallacy of undistributed middle.
Answer: B. fallacy of ambiguous minor
111. “ All donkeys are animals.
All monkeys are animals. Therefore all monkeys are donkeys”. The fallacy committed by the above syllogism is
A. ambiguous major
B. ambiguous minor
C. ambiguous middle
D. undistributed middle.
Answer: D. undistributed middle.
112. The fallacy occurs when the major term which is not distributed in the major premise but
distributed in the conclusion is
A. ambiguous major
B. undistributed middle
C. illicit major
D. equivocation.
Answer: C. illicit major
113. The fallacy occurs when the minor term which is not distributed in the minor premise but
distributed in the conclusion is
A. ambiguous minor
B. undistributed middle
C. equivocation
D. illicit minor.
Answer: D. illicit minor.
114. The form of the syllogism as determined by the position of the middle term is
A. figure
B. mood
C. quality
D. quantity.
Answer: A. figure
115. There are _____ types of categorical syllogism known as figures.
A. two
B. three
C. four
D. five.
Answer: C. four
116. A _________ is a form of syllogism determined by the qulity and quantity of the three
constituent propositions.
A. mood
B. figure
C. middle termd
D. conclusion.
Answer: A. mood
117. A syllogism in which the major premise is a hypothetical proposition, the minor and the
conclusion are categorical propositions is a_______.
A. categorical syllogism
B. hypothetical syllogism
C. disjunctive syllogism
D. dilemma.
Answer: B. hypothetical syllogism
118. A hypothetical syllogism is also called______.
A. conjunctive syllogism
B. disjunctive syllogism
C. categorical syllogism
D. dilemma.
Answer: A. conjunctive syllogism
119. A constructive hypothetical syllogism is also known as _______.
A. modus tollens
B. modus ponens
C. constructive dilemma
D. addition.
Answer: B. modus ponens
120. Modus tollens is also known as________.
A. constructive hypothetical syllogism
B. constructive dilemma
C. destructive dilemma
D. destructive hypothetical syllogism.
Answer: D. destructive hypothetical syllogism.
121. A ___________ is a mixed syllogism whose major premise is a disjunctive propositions and
whose minor premise and conclusion are categorical propositions.
A. categorical syllogism
B. hypothetical syllogism
C. disjunctive syllogism
D. dilemma.
Answer: C. disjunctive syllogism
122. The violation of the rules of a disjunctive syllogism commits the fallacy of ________.
A. illicit major
B. illicit minor
C. improper disjunction
D. ambiguous major
Answer: C. improper disjunction
123. ______ is a valid mood of the first figure.
A. baroco
B. darapti
C. fesapo
D. barbara.
Answer: D. barbara.
124. ________ is a valid mood of second figure.
A. celarent
B. cesare
C. disamis
D. bramantip.
Answer: B. cesare
125. ________ is a valid mood of third figure.
A. darii
B. festino
C. dimaris
D. datisi.
Answer: D. datisi.
126. ________ is valid mood of fourth figure.
A. celerant
B. cesare
C. dimaris
D. disamis.
Answer: C. dimaris
127. A Dilemma is a ________ syllogism.
A. mixed
B. categorical
C. hypothetical
D. disjunctive.
Answer: A. mixed
128. “He is either a saint or a sinner
He is not a saint Therefore he is a sinner”. The above argument commits the fallacy of________.
A. undistributed middle
B. improper disjunction
C. four terms
D. illicit minor.
Answer: B. improper disjunction
129. “All animals are mortal
All men are animals Therefore all men are mortal.” _________ is the major term of the above syllogism.
A. mortal
B. men
C. animals
D. are.
Answer: A. mortal
130. “All thugs are murderers All thugs are Indians Therefore all Indians are murderers”. The fallacy commited by above argument is
A. illicit minor
B. illicit major
C. ambiguous major
D. undistributed middle.
Answer: A. illicit minor
131. __________ fallacy occurs when a term is used in two different meanings in the syllogism.
A. undistribute middle
B. two negative premises
C. equivocation
D. illicit major.
Answer: C. equivocation
132. All Indians are hardworking
All Keralites are Indians Therefore, All Keralites are hardworking The above argument is
A. invalid
B. false
C. valid
D. true
Answer: C. valid
133. If one premise is negative the conclusion must be________.
A. negative
B. positive
C. both negative and positive
D. neither negative nor positive.
Answer: A. negative
134. Two_______ premises yield no valid conclusion.
A. universal
B. particular
C. affirmative
D. categorical.
Answer: B. particular
135. From two ________ premises no conclusion is possible.
A. universal
B. affirmative
C. negative
D. categorical
Answer: C. negative
136. If one premise is particular the conclusion must be_________.
A. universal
B. negative
C. affirmative
D. particulal.
Answer: D. particulal.
137. A dilemma is ________ when disjunctive minor premise affirms the antecedents of the major premise.
A. constructive
B. destructive
C. objective
D. subjective.
Answer: A. constructive
138. A dilemma is ________ when disjunctive minor premise denies the consequents of the major
premise.
A. constructive
B. destructive
C. subjective
D. objective.
Answer: B. destructive
139. A dilemma is simple when the conclusion is__________ proposition.
A. disjunctive
B. implicative
C. negative
D. categorical.
Answer: D. categorical.
140. A dilemma is complex when the conclusion is __________ proposition.
A. implicative
B. categorical
C. disjunctive
D. negative.
Answer: C. disjunctive