Increasing difficulties and inconveniences of the barter system led to the invention of money.
As the society developed, the division of labour and specialisation increased and, as a result, volume of production and trade expanded in such conditions, the barter system of direct exchange between various Commodus Created difficulties.
Such as, the problem of double coincidence of wants, the problem of common measure of value, etc. In order to overcome these difficulties, money was invented.
According to Crowther, “Money is one of the most fundamental of all man’s inventions. Every branch of knowledge has its fundamental discovery. In mechanics it is the wheel, in science fire, in politics the vote.
Similarly, in Economics, in the whole commercial side of man’s social existence, money is the essential invention of which all the rest is based”.
Money was an invention in the sense that “it needed the conscious reasoning power of man to make the step from simple barter to money-accounting”.
Money was first used as a unit of account or a numeraire in terms of which all other Ihings were to be measured and compared. The introduction of money as a unit of account was a simple but a significant invention.
It allowed the process of goods to be expressed in terms of a common unit of account; made the non- comparable goods comparable; and extended the scope of division of labour and specialisation.
But, even after the introduction of a common unit of account, trading was still a simple exchange of goods for goods. Only the prices were fixed in terms of one standard commodity (e.g., goat).
The use or money as a unit of account did not, however, remove all the difficulties of barter. There is still the difficulty of bringing the two parties together.
This difficulty was removed when the money, the unit of account, also became a medium of exchange. Corn was no longer exchanged for meat; it was sold for money (e.g., goat) and money was sold for meat.
The use of money as the medium of exchange saved time and effort and made multilateral trade possible. The third important use in which money was put was to act as a store of value.
With the invention of money, nothing except money was needed to be stored because money, being the general purchasing power, could purchase anything at any time.
In this way, the three functions, i.e., unit of account, medium of exchange and store of value, performed by a commodity (called money) together constitute the invention of money.
Development of Money
The origin of money is not known because of the non-availability of recorded information; it is deep-rooted in antiquity.
As Lord Keynes has put it, “Its origins are lost in the mists when the ice was melting, and may well stretch back into the paradisaic intervals in human history of the inter-glacial periods.
When the weather was delightful and the mind free to be fertile of new ideas in the islands of Hesperides of Atlantis or some Eden of Central Asia.”
No doubt, the evolution of money has been a secular process and shall continue to remain so, but the development of money in the present form can be historically traced as) it has 4321S&& different stages in accordance with the growth of human civilisation. These stages are discussed below:
1.Animal Money:
In primitive agricultural communities, domestic animals were used as money. Cattle were considered the common instrument of exchange. Different things were valued in terms of the number of cattle they can command in exchange.
In ancient India, according to Arth Veda, Go-Diam ^BSSSeeZZ was accepted as a form of money. Similarly, upto the 4th century B.C., cow and sheep were officially recognised forms of money to be used for collecting fines and taxes in the Roman State.
In Homeric poems (written in probably 9th century B.C.) the prices of commodities were expressed in terms of oxide.
2.Commodity Money:
In many countries, primitive money took the form of commodity money. A number of commodities like, bows, arrows, animal skins, shells, precious stones, rice, tea, etc., were used as money.
The selection of a commodity to serve as money depended upon different factors, like, the location of the community; climate of the region; cultural and economic development of the society etc.
For example, communities living by the sea shore chose shells or fish-hooks as money. In the cold ‘ Siberia, people adopted animal skins and furs as money. In the tropical regions of Africa, elephant tusks and tiger jaws were used as money.
Animal and commodity money had many serious disadvantages:
(a) It lacks uniformity and standardisation; all cows and goats are not identical.
(b) Animals and commodities are an inefficient store of value; there is always a possibility of loss of value over a period of time; moreover, the cost of storing animal and commodity money is very high.
(c) Animals and commodities are not easily transferable because of difficulties of portability.
(d) There is the problem of indivisibility.
(e) The supply of animals and commodities may not be easily and quickly changed.
3. Metallic Money:
With the growth of society from pastoral to commercial stage, the composition of money also changed from animal and commodity money to metallic money. Gold and silver were the metals mostly used to form metallic money.
Due to their scarcity, usefulness and attractiveness, gold and silver were regarded as natural money. The use of metals as money ultimately led to the development of coinage system.
According to A.J. Toynbee, the coinage began in Lydia, a Greek City State around 700 B.C. The coinage continued till the 17th century.
Metallic money (uncoined metals and coins) overcame most of the diffculities of animal and commodity money. But, it had its own disadvantages:
(a) Quick transactions are not possible through coins.
(b) On account of its weight, large quantites of coins are not easily portable;
(c) Metallic money can be easily lost and stolen.
(d) Short-weighing and adulteration problems make the transaction costs of uncoined metallic money higher. Every time the quantity and quality of the metal is to be tested.
Broadly speaking, three main types of money exist in a modern economy: (a) metallic money, (b) paper money, and (c) credit money. Economists, however, further classify them into many other forms. Important classifications of money are explained below:
(A) Money Proper and Money of Account
Keynes distinguished between money proper and money of account by saying that,” the money of account is the description or title and money is the thing which answers to the description.
Money proper or actual money is the money which is in circulation in a country. It is the medium of exchange and means of payment. In India, for example, the Rupee note and the Rupee com are the actual money because different types of transactions and payments can be made through them.
Money of account is that in which accounts are maintained. Prices of goods and services, general purchasing power, debts, etc. are all expressed in terms of money of account. Normally, the money proper and the money of account are the same.
For example, Indian Rupee acts both as the medium of exchange and the money of account. But, sometimes, the two may be different, particularly at a time of economic crises.
For example, after the World War I, in Germany, the money proper continued to be the German Mark, but the money of account changed to the American Dollar because of its stable value as compared to the depreciating Mark.
Similarly, while the Indian Rupee as the money of account has remained the same, the actual Indian Rupee has been experiencing change in its weight, size and content from time to time.
(B) Commodity Money and Representative Money
Money proper or actual money is further divided into commodity money and representative money. Commodity money is mad of certain metal and its face value is equal to its intrinsic value.
It serves not only as a medium of exchange, but also as a store of purchasing power. It is also called full-bodied money because its value is materially equivalent to that of its component stuff.
The money proper in circulation which is not full-bodied is called representative money. It is money whose value is materially greater than the value of the stuff of which it is composed. Paper currency notes are an example of representative money.
Representative money may be convertible or inconvertible. It is convertible if the issuing authority is under the obligation to convert it into commodity money. It is inconvertible if the issuing authority is under no obligation to convert it into commodity money.
(C) Legal Tender and Optional Money
On the basis of acceptability, money has been classified into legal tender and optional money. Legal tender money is enforced by law. No one can refuse to accept it as a means of payment.
Legal tender money may be of two types: limited legal tender and (b) unlimited legal tender. Limited legal tender money is accepted as legal tender only up to a certain limit.
For example, in India, the small coins of 1,2,5,10 and 25 paise are legal tender only up to a sum of Rs. 25. That means up to Rs. 25 a person cannot refuse a payment through these small coins and beyond Rs. 25 he is free to refuse these coins.
Unlimited legal tender is that money which has to be accepted as a medium of payment up to any amount. For example, in India, 50-paise coins, one rupee coin and currency notes of all denominations are unlimited legal tender.
Optional money is that money which may or may not be accepted as a means of payment; it has no legal sanction. Different credit instruments, like, cheques, bank drafts, etc., are the examples of optional money. No one can be forced to accept them.
Money consists of (a) legal tender money i.e., coins and currency notes and (b) bank money (i.e., demand deposits). Money is the perfect liquid asset and can be directly used for making purchases of goods and services.
But, the coins and currency are used only for small transactions. In case of big transactions where large payments are involved (for example, purchasing a car or a house), bank money in the form of bank cheques or bank drafts is used.
In modern monetary economies, people mostly use bank money in their transactions and thus bank money forms a major proportion of money supply. In this way, bank money is considered as liquid as the legal tender money.
There are other assets also which cannot be technically regarded as money, but are claims to money and perform some functions of money. Such assets are called near-money.
Near-money refers to all those assets which possess many of the characteristics of money, have high degree of liquidity and can inexpensively be converted into money.
Near-money cannot be directly used for making transactions. They must first be converted into money proper before spending.
In this way, near-money assets measure potential and not actual, transactions near-money assets can be easily converted into money without loss of nominal value; capital gains and losses of near-money assets are very small.
Near-money assets are highly liquid, but are not as liquid as the money is. They are close substitutes of money, but not the perfect substitutes. Some examples of near-money are bills of exchange, bonds, debentures, shares, etc.
‘Nearness’ of near-money depends on the degree of liquidity of the near-money assets. Liquidity refers to the ease with which the asset can be converted into money (i.e., sold or discounted) on short notice and with minimum cost.
Greater the liquidity, more near an asset is to money and vice versa. Over all liquidity of an economy depends upon the composition of the total stock of financial assets, because different assets carry different degrees of liquidity.
For instance (a) Coins, currency notes and demand deposits represent first grade liquidity; (b) time deposits, treasury bills, government securities, saving bonds, etc. represent second grade liquidity; and (c) other assets, like deposits of building societies, financial claims of hire- purchase companies, etc., represent third grade liquidity.
In fact, it is not clear where the line of demarcation is to be drawn between money and near-money assets; it is always arbitrary.
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Following are the main points of significance of near-money:
1. Broader Definition of Money:
The existence of near-money has broadened the definition of money. The modern concept of money is based on the liquidity approach, as compared to the traditional definition depending upon the transactions approach.
In the transactions approach, money is defined as to include only legal tender money and bank money.
On the other hand, in the liquidity approach, the definition of money includes (a) legal tender money (b) bank money and (c) near-money, i.e., all those financial assets which can be easily and inexpensively converted into money proper within a short period of time.
2. Increase in Velocity of Money:
Near-money influences the velocity of money. A person’s ability to spend depends not only on the amount of money he has with him and he holds in the bank (i.e., legal money and bank money), but also on his ability to raise additional funds by selling his near-money assets.
In the words of Radcliffe Committee Report, “spending is not limited by the amount of money in existence, but it is related to the amount of money people think they can get hold of whether by receipt of income (for instance from sales), by disposal of capital assets or by borrowing”.
Thus, the existence of near-money increases the velocity of money (V) and hence aggregate demand (MV) in the economy by activating idle demand deposits and currency.
3. Policy Implications:
Near-money has important policy implications for the monetary authorities. The prevalence of near-money assets significantly increases the overall level of liquidity and hence the level of aggregate expenditure.
The monetary authority which aims at influencing the level of aggregate expenditure by controlling the money supply alone will fail to achieve its objective.
For the monetary policy to be effective, it must influence not only the total stock of money in the economy, but also the total stock of near-money assets.
In other words, it must influence not the money supply alone, but the overall level of liquidity.
Since the central bank does not have much control over the lending activities of nonbank financial institutions, the growth of near-money assets may create problems in the effective implementation of the monetary policy.
1. Fluid is a substance that
A. cannot be subjected to shear forces
B. always expands until it fills any container
C. has the same shear stress.at a point regardless of its motion
D. cannot remain at rest under action of any shear force
E. flows. Answer: D
2. Fluid is a substance which offers no resistance to change of
A. pressure
B. flow
C. shape
D. volume
E. temperature. Answer: C
3. Practical fluids
A. are viscous
B. possess surface tension
C. are compressible
D. possess all the above properties
E. possess none of the above properties. Answer: D
4. In a static fluid
A. resistance to shear stress is small
B. fluid pressure is zero
C. linear deformation is small
D. only normal stresses can exist
E. viscosity is nil. Answer: D
5. A fluid is said to be ideal, if it is
A. incompressible
B. inviscous
C. viscous and incompressible
D. inviscous and compressible
E. inviscous and incompressible. Answer: E
6. An ideal flow of any fluid must fulfill the following
A. Newton’s law of motion
B. Newton’s law of viscosity
C. Pascal’ law
D. Continuity equation
E. Boundary layer theory. Answer: D
7. If no resistance is encountered by displacement, such a substance is known as
A. fluid
B. water
C. gas
D. perfect solid
E. ideal fluid. Answer: E
8. The volumetric change of the fluid caused by a resistance is known as
A. volumetric strain
B. volumetric index
C. compressibility
D. adhesion
E. cohesion. Answer: C
9. Liquids
A. cannot be compressed
B. occupy definite volume
C. are not affected by change in pressure and temperature
(GO are not viscous
E. none of the above. Answer: E
10. Density of water is maximum at
A. 0°C
B. 0°K
C. 4°C
D. 100°C
E. 20°C. Answer: C
HYDRAULICS & FLUID MECHANICS MCQs
11. For similarity, in addition to models being geometrically similar to prototype, the following in both cases should also be equal
A. ratio of inertial force to force due to viscosity
B. ratio of inertial force to force due to gravitation
C. ratio of inertial force to force due to surface tension
D. all the four ratios of inertial force to force due to viscosity, gravitation, surface tension, and elasticity Answer: D
12. The value of mass density in kgsecVm4 for water at 0°C is
A. 1
B. 1000
C. 100
D. 101.9
E. 91 Answer: D
14. Property of a fluid by which its own molecules are attracted is called
A. adhesion
B. cohesion
C. viscosity
D. compressibility
E. surface tension. Answer: B
15. Mercury does not wet glass. This is due to property of liquid known as
A. adhesion
B. cohesion
C. surface tension
D. viscosity
E. compressibility. Answer: C
16. The property of a fluid which enables it to resist tensile stress is known as
A. compressibility
B. surface tension
C. cohesion
D. adhesion
E. viscosity. Answer: C
17. Property of a fluid by which molecules of different kinds of fluids are attracted to each other is called
A. adhesion
B. cohesion
C. viscosity
D. compressibility
E. surface tension. Answer: A
18. The specific weight of water is 1000 kg/m”
A. at norma] pressure of 760 mm
B. at 4°C temperature
C. at mean sea level
D. all the above
E. none of the above. Answer: D
19. Specific weight of water in S.I. units is equal to
A. 1000 N/m3
B. 10000 N/m3
C. 9.81 xlO3 N/m3
D. 9.81 xlO6N/m3
E. 9.81 N/m3. Answer: C
20. When the flow parameters at any given instant remain same at every point, then flow is said to be
A. quasi static
B. steady state
C. laminar
D. uniform
E. static. Answer: D
21. Which of the following is demensionless
A. specific weight
B. specific volume
C. specific speed
D. specific gravity
E. specific viscosity. Answer: D
22. The normal stress in a fluid will be constant in all directions at a point only if
A. it is incompressible
B. it has uniform viscosity
C. it has zero viscosity
D. it is frictionless
E. it is at rest. Answer: E
23. The pressure at a point in a fluid will not be same in all the directions when the fluid is
A. moving
B. viscous
C. viscous and static
D. inviscous and moving
E. viscous and moving. Answer: E
24. An object having 10 kg mass weighs 9.81kg on a spring balance. The value of ‘g’ at this place is
A. 10m/sec2
B. 9.81 m/sec2
C. 10.2/m sec
D. 9.75 m/sec2
E. 9 m/sec . Answer: A
25. The tendency of a liquid surface to contract is due to the following property
A. cohesion
B. adhesion
C. viscosity
D. surface tension
E. elasticity. Answer: D
26. The surface tension of mercury at normal temperature compared to that of water is
A. more
B. less
C. same
D. more or less depending on size of glass tube
E. none of the above. Answer: A
27. A perfect gas
A. has constant viscosity
B. has zero viscosity
C. is incompressible
D. is of theoretical interest
E. none of the above. Answer: E
32. For very great pressures, viscosity of moss gases and liquids
A. remains same
B. increases
C. decreases
D. shows erratic behaviour
E. none of the above. Answer: D
33. A fluid in equilibrium can’t sustain
A. tensile stress
B. compressive stress
C. shear stress
D. bending stress
E. all of the above. Answer: C
34. Viscosity of water in comparison to mercury is
A. higher
B. lower
C. same
D. higher/lower depending on temperature
E. unpredictable. Answer: A
35. The bulk modulus of elasticity with increase in pressure
A. increases
B. decreases
C. remains constant
D. increases first upto certain limit and then decreases
E. unpredictable. Answer: A
36. The bulk modulus of elasticity
A. has the dimensions of 1/pressure
B. increases with pressure
C. is large when fluid is more compressible
D. is independent of pressure and viscosity
E. is directly proportional to flow. Answer: B
37. A balloon lifting in air follows the following principle
A. law of gravitation
B. Archimedes principle
C. principle of buoyancy
D. all of the above
E. continuity equation. Answer: D
38. The value of the coefficient of compressibility for water at ordinary pressure and temperature in kg/cm is equal to
A. 1000
B. 2100
C. 2700
D. 10,000
E. 21,000. Answer: E
39. The increase of temperature results in
A. increase in viscosity of gas
B. increase in viscosity of liquid
C. decrease in viscosity of gas
D. decrease in viscosity of liquid
E. A. and D. above. Answer: D
40. Surface tension has the units of
A. newtons/m
B. newtons/m
C. new tons/m
D. newtons
E. newton m. Answer: C
41. Surface tension
A. acts in the plane of the interface normal to any line in the surface
B. is also known as capillarity
C. is a function of the curvature of the interface
D. decreases with fall in temperature
E. has no units. Answer: A
42. The stress-strain relation of the newtoneon fluid is
A. linear
B. parabolic
C. hyperbolic
D. inverse type
E. none of the above. Answer: A
43. A liquid compressed in cylinder has a volume of 0.04 m3 at 50 kg/cm2 and a volume of 0.039 m3 at 150 kg/cm2. The bulk modulus of elasticity of liquid is
A. 400 kg/cm2
B. 4000 kg/cm2
C. 40 x 105 kg/cm2
D. 40 x 106 kg/cm2
E. none of the above. Answer: B
44. The units of viscosity are
A. metres2 per sec
B. kg sec/metre
C. newton-sec per metre2
D. newton-sec per metre
E. none of the above. Answer: B
45. Kinematic viscosity is dependent upon
A. pressure
B. distance
C. level
D. flow
E. density. Answer: E
46. Units of surface tension are
A. energy/unit area
B. distance
C. both of the above
D. it has no units
E. none of the above. Answer: C
47. Which of the following meters is not associated with viscosity
A. Red wood
B. Say bolt
C. Engler
D. Orsat
E. none of the above. Answer: D
48. Choose the correct relationship
A. specific gravity = gravity x density
B. dynamicviscosity = kinematicviscosity x density
C. gravity = specific gravity x density
D. kinematicviscosity = dynamicviscosity x density
E. hydrostaticforce = surface tension x gravity. Answer: B
49. Dimensions of surface tension are
A. MlL°T2
B. MlL°Tx
C. MlL r2
D. MlL2T2
E. MlL°t. Answer: A
50. For manometer, a better liquid combination is one having
A. higher surface tension
B. lower surface tension
C. surface tension is no criterion
D. high density and viscosity
E. low density and viscosity. Answer: A
51. If mercury in a barometer is replaced by water, the height of 3.75 cm of mercury will be following cm of water
A. 51 cm
B. 50 cm
C. 52 cm
D. 52.2 cm
E. 51.7 cm. Answer: A
52. Choose the wrong statement.
Alcohol is used in manometer, because
A. its vapour pressure is low
B. it provides suitable meniscus for the inclined tube
C. its density is less
D. it provides longer length for a given pressure difference
E. it provides accurate readings. Answer: A
53. Increase in pressure at the outer edge of a drum of radius R due to rotation at corad/sec, full of liquid of density p will be
A. pco2/?2
B. pco2/?2/2
C. 2pa2R2
D. pa2R/2
E. none of the above. Answer: B
54. The property of fluid by virtue of which it offers resistance to shear is called
A. surface tension
B. adhesion
C. cohesion
D. viscosity
E. all of the above. Answer: D
55. Choose the wrong statement
A. fluids are capable of flowing
B. fluids conform to the shape of the con-taining vessels
C. when in equilibrium, fluids cannot sustain tangential forces
D. when in equilibrium, fluids can sustain shear forces
E. fluids have some degree of compressibility and offer little resistance to form. Answer: D
56. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 at
A. 0°C
B. 0°K
C. 4°C D. 20°C
E. all temperature. Answer: C
57. If w is the specific weight of liquid and k the depth of any point from the surface, then pressure intensity at that point will be
A. h
B. wh
C. w/h
D. h/w
E. h/wh. Answer: B
5 Choose the wrong statement
A. Viscosity of a fluid is that property which determines the amount of its resistance to a shearing force
B. Viscosity is due primarily to interaction between fluid molecules
C. Viscosity of liquids decreases with in-crease in temperature
D. Viscosity of liquids is appreciably affected by change in pressure
E. Viscosity is expressed as poise, stoke, or saybolt seconds. Answer: D
59. The units of kinematic viscosity are
A. metres2 per sec
B. kg sec/meter
C. newton-sec per meter
D. newton-sec per meter
E. none of the above. Answer: A
60. The ratio of absolute viscosity to mass density is known as
A. specific viscosity
B. viscosity index
C. kinematic viscosity
D. coefficient of viscosity
E. coefficient of compressibility. Answer: C
61. Kinematic viscosity is equal to
A. dynamic viscosity/density
B. dynamicviscosity x density
C. density/dynamic viscosity
D. 1/dynamicviscosity x density
E. same as dynamic viscosity. Answer: A
62. Which of the following is the unit of kinematic viscosity
A. pascal
B. poise
C. stoke
D. faraday
E. none of the above. Answer: C
63. A one dimensional flow is one which
A. is uniform flow
B. is steady uniform flow
C. takes place in straight lines
D. involves zero transverse component of flow
E. takes place in one dimension. Answer: D
64. Alcohol is used in manometers because
A. it has low vapour pressure
B. it is clearly visible
C. it has low surface tension
D. it can provide longer column due to low density
E. is provides suitable meniscus. Answer: D
65. A pressure of 25 m of head of water is equal to
A. 25 kN/m2
B. 245 kN/m2
C. 2500 kN/m2
D. 2.5kN/m2
E. 12.5 kN/m2. Answer: B
66. Specific weight of sea water is more that of pure water because it contains
A. dissolved air
B. dissolved salt
C. suspended matter
D. all of the above
E. heavy water. Answer: D
67. If 850 kg liquid occupies volume of one cubic meter, men 0.85 represents its
A. specific weight
B. specific mass
C. specific gravity
D. specific density
E. none of the above. Answer: C
69. Free surface of a liquid tends to contract to the smallest possible area due to force of
A. surface tension
B. viscosity
C. friction
D. cohesion
E. adhesion. Answer: A
70. A bucket of water is hanging from a spring balance. An iron piece is suspended into water without touching sides of bucket from another support. The spring balance reading will
A. increase
B. decrease
C. remain same
D. increase/decrease depending on depth of immersion
E. unpredictable. Answer: C
71. Falling drops of water become spheres due to the property of
A. adhesion
B. cohesion
C. surface tension
D. viscosity
E. compressibility. Answer: C
72. A liquid would wet the solid, if adhesion forces as compared to cohesion forces are
A. less
B. more
C. equal
D. less at low temperature and more at high temperature
E. there is no such criterion. Answer: B
73. If cohesion between molecules of a fluid is greater than adhesion between fluid and glass, then the free level of fluid in a dipped glass tube will be
A. higher than the surface of liquid
B. the same as the surface of liquid
C. lower than the surface of liquid
D. unpredictable
E. none of the above. Answer: C
74. The point in the immersed body through which the resultant pressure of the liquid may be taken to act is known as
A. meta center
B. center of pressure
C. center of buoyancy
D. center of gravity
E. none of the above. Answer: B
75. The total pressure on the surface of a vertical sluice gate 2 m x 1 m with its top 2 m surface being 0.5 m below the water level will be
A. 500 kg
B. 1000 kg
C. 1500 kg
D. 2000 kg
E. 4000 kg. Answer: D
76. The resultant upward pressure of a fluid on a floating body is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. This definition is according to
A. Buoyancy
B. Equilibrium of a floating body
C. Archimedes’ principle
D. Bernoulli’s theorem
E. Metacentric principle. Answer: C
77. The resultant upward pressure of the fluid on an immersed body is called
A. upthrust
B. buoyancy
C. center of pressure
D. all the above are correct
E. none of above is correct. Answer: B
78. The conditions for the stable equilibrium of a floating body are
A. the meta-center should lie above the center of gravity
B. the center of buoyancy and the center of gravity must lie on the same vertical line
C. a righting couple should be formed
D. all the above are correct
E. none of the above is correct. Answer: D
79. Poise is the unit of
A. surface tension
B. capillarity
C. viscosity
D. shear stress in fluids
E. buoyancy. Answer: C
80. Metacentric height is given as the distance between
A. the center of gravity of the body andthe meta center
B. the center of gravity of the body and the center of buoyancy
C. the center of gravity of the body and the center of pressure
D. center of buoyancy and metacentre
E. none of the above. Answer: A
81. The buoyancy depends on
A. mass of liquid displaced
B. viscosity of the liquid
C. pressure of the liquid displaced
D. depth of immersion
E. none of the above. Answer: A
82. The center of gravity of the volume of the liquid displaced by an immersed body is called
A. meta-center
B. center of pressure
C. center of buoyancy
D. center of gravity
E. none of the above. Answer: C
83. A piece of metal of specific gravity 13.6 is placed in mercury of specific gravity 13.6, what fraction of it volume is under mercury?
A. the metal piece will simply float over the mercury
B. the metal piece will be immersed in mercury by half
C. whole of the metal piece will be immersed with its top surface just at mercury level
D. metal piece will sink to the bottom
E. none of the above. Answer: C
84. The angle of contact in case of a liquid depends upon
A. the nature of the liquid and the solid
B. the material which exists above the free surface of the liquid
C. both of die above
D. any one of the above
E. none of die above. Answer: C
85. Free surface of a liquid behaves like a sheet and tends to contract to smallest possible area due to the
A. force of adhesion
B. force of cohesion
C. force of friction
D. force of diffusion
E. none of die above. Answer: B
86. Rain drops are spherical because of
A. viscosity
B. air resistance
C. surface tension forces
D. atmospheric pressure
E. none of the above. Answer: C
87. Surface energy per unit area of a surface is numerically equal to ..
A. atmospheric pressure
B. surface tension
C. force of adhesion
D. force of cohesion
E. viscosity. Answer: B
88. The capillary rise at 20°C in a clean glass tube of 1 mm bore containing water is ap-proximately
A. 1 mm
B. 5 mm
C. 10 mm
D. 20 mm
E. 30 mm. Answer: E
89. The difference of pressure between the inside and outside of a liquid drop is
A.p = Txr
B.p = T/r
C. p = T/2r
D.p = 2T/r
E. none of the above. Answer: D
90. If the surface of liquid is convex, men
A. cohesion pressure is negligible
B. cohesion pressure is decreased
C. cohesion pressure is increased
D. there is no cohesion pressure
E. none of the above. Answer: C
91. To avoid vaporisation in the pipe line, the pipe line over the ridge is laid such that it is not more than
A. 2.4 m above the hydraulic gradient
B. 6.4 m above the hydraulic gradient
C. 10.0 m above the hydraulic gradient
D. 5.0 above the hydraulic gradient
E. none of the above. Answer: B
92. To avoid an interruption in the flow of a syphon, an air vessel is provided
A. at the inlet
B. at the outlet
C. at the summit
D. ay nay point between inlet and outlet
E. none of the above. Answer: C
93. The vapour pressure over the concave surface is
A. less man the vapour pressure over the plane surface
B. equal to the vapour pressure over the plane surface
C. greater than the vapour pressure over the plane surface
D. zero
E. none of the above. Answer: A
94. The peoperty by virtue of which a liquid opposes relative motion between its different layers is called
A. surface tension
B. co-efficient of viscosity
C. viscosity
D. osmosis
E. cohesion. Answer: C
95. The process of diffusion of one liquid into the other through a semi-permeable membrane is called
A. viscosity
B. osmosis
C. surface tension
D. cohesion
E. diffusivity. Answer: B
96. The units of dynamic or absolute viscosity are
A. metres2 per sec
B. kg sec/meter
C. newton-sec per meter
D. newton-sec2 per meter
E. none of the above. Answer: C
97. The continuity equation is connected with
A. viscous/unviscous fluids
B. compressibility of fluids
C. conservation of mass
D. steady/unsteady flow
E. open channel/pipe flow. Answer: C
99. The rise or depression of liquid in a tube due to surface tension wim increase in size of tube will
A. increase
B. remain unaffected
C. may increase or decrease depending on the characteristics of liquid
D. decrease
E. unpredictable. Answer: D
100. Liquids transmit pressure equally in all the directions. This is according to
A. Boyle’s law
B. Archimedes principle
C. Pascal’s law
D. Newton’s formula
E. Chezy’s equation. Answer: C
Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics Interview Questions
101. Capillary action is due to the
A. surface tension
B. cohesion of the liquid
C. adhesion of the liquid molecules and the molecules on the surface of a solid
D. all of the above
E. none of the above. Answer: D
102. Newton’s law of viscosity is a relationship between
A. shear stress anctthejiate of angular distortion
B. shear stress and viscosity
C. shear stress, velocity and viscosity
D. pressure, velocity and viscosity
E. shear stress, pressure and rate of angular distortion. Answer: A
103. The atmospheric pressure with rise in altitude decreases
A. linearly
B. first slowly and then steeply
C. first steeply and then gradually
D. unpredictable
E. none of the above. Answer: B
105. Pressure of the order of 10″‘ torr can be measured by
A. Bourdon tube
B. Pirani Gauge
C. micro-manometer
D. ionisastion gauge
E. McLeod gauge. Answer: D
106. Operation of McLeod gauge used for low pressure measurement is based on the principle of
A. gas law
B. Boyle’s law
C. Charle’s law
D. Pascal’s law
E. McLeod’s law. Answer: B
107. An odd shaped body weighing 7.5 kg and occupying 0.01 m3 volume will be completely submerged in a fluid having specific gravity of
A. 1
B. 1.2
C. 0.8
D. 0.75
E. 1.25. Answer: D
108. In an isothermal atmosphere, the pressure
A. decreases linearly with elevation
B. remains constant
C. varies in the same way as the density
D. increases exponentially with elevation
E. unpredictable. Answer: C
109. Mercury is often used in barometer because
A. it is the best liquid
B. the height of barometer will be less
C. its vapour pressure is so low that it may be neglected
D. both B. and C.
E. it moves easily. Answer: D
110. Barometer is used to measure
A. pressure in pipes, channels etc.
B. atmospheric pressure
C. very low pressure
D. difference of pressure between two points
E. rain level. Answer: B
111. Which of the following instrument can be used for measuring speed of a submarine moving in deep sea
A. Venturimeter
B. Orifice plate
C. hot wire anemometer
D. rotameter
E. pitot tube. Answer: E
112. Which of the following instrument can be used for measuring speed of an aeroplane
A. Venturimeter
B. Orifice plate
C. hot wire anemometer
D. rotameter
E. pitot tube. Answer: E
113. Piezometer is used to measure
A. pressure in pipe, channels etc.
B. atmospheric pressure
C. very low pressures
D. difference of pressure between two points
E. flow. Answer: C
114. Which of the following instruments is used to measure flow on the application of Bernoulli’s theorem
A. Venturimeter
B. Orifice plate
C. nozzle
D. pitot tube
E. all of the above. Answer: E
116. The speed of sound in a ideal gas varies directly as its
A. pressure
B. temperature
C. density
D. modulus of elasticity
E. absolute temperature, Answer: E
119. Dynamic viscosity of most of the liquids with rise in temperature
A. increases
B. decreases
A. remains unaffected
D. unpredictable
E. none of the above. Answer: B
120. Dynamic viscosity of most of the gases with rise in temperature
A. increases
B. decreases
C. remains unaffected
D. unpredictable
E. none of the above. Answer: A
121. A metal with specific gravity of o floating in a fluid of same specific gravity a will
A. sink to bottom
B. float over fluid
C. partly immersed
D. be fully immersed with top surface at fluid surface
E. none of the above. Answer: D
123. Euler’s dimensionless number relates the following
A. inertial force and gravity
B. viscous force and inertial force
C. viscous force and buoyancy force
D. pressure force and inertial force
E. pressure force and viscous force. Answer: D
124 Manometer is used to measure
A. pressure in pipes, channels etc.
B. atmospheric pressure
C. very low pressure
D. difference of pressure between two points
E. velocity. Answer: A
129. Which of the following manometer has highest sensitivity
A. U-tube with water
B. inclined U-tube
C. U-tube with mercury
D. micro-manometer with water
E. displacement type. Answer: D
130. In order to increase sensitivity of U-tube manometer, one leg is usually inclined by angle 9. Sensitivity of inclined tube to sensitivity of U-tube is equal to
A. sin 9
B. sin 9
C. casS
D. cos 9
E. tan 9. Answer: B
131. Working principle of dead weight pressure gauge tester is based on
A. Pascal’s law
B. Dalton’s law of partial pressure
C. Newton’s law of viscosity .
D. Avogadro’s hypothesis
E. Second law of thermodynamic. Answer: A
132. The resultant of all normal pressures acts
A. at e.g. of body
B. at center of pressure
C. vertically upwards
D. at metacentre
E. vertically downwards. Answer: C
133. Centre of pressure compared to e.g. is
A. above it
B. below it.
C. at same point
D. above or below depending on area of body
E. none of the above. Answer: B
134. Metacentric height is the distance between the metacentre and
A. water surface
B. center of pressure
C. center of gravity
D. center of buoyancy
E. none of the above. Answer: C
135.. The resultant upward pressure of the fluid on an immersed body due to its tendency to uplift the sub-merged body is called
A. upthrust
B. reaction
C. buoyancy
D. metacentre
E. center of pressure. Answer: C
136. The center of pressure of a surface subjected to fluid pressure is the point
A. on the surface at which resultant pres-sure acts
B. on the surface at which gravitational force acis
C. at which all hydraulic forces meet
D. similar to metacentre
E. where pressure equivalent to hydraulic thrust will act. Answer: A
137. Buoyant force is
A. the resultant force acting on a floating body
B. the resultant force on a body due to the fluid surrounding it
C. equal to the volume of liquid dis-placed
D. the force necessary to maintain equilibrium of a submerged body
E. none of the above. Answer: B
138. The horizontal component of buoyant force is
A. negligible
B. same as buoyant force
C. zero Answer: C
140. The line of action of the buoyant force acts through the
A. centroid of the volume of fluid vertically above the body
B. center of the volume of floating body
C. center of gravity of any submerged body
D. centriod of the displaced volume of fluid
E. none of the above. Answer: D
141. Center of buoyancy is the
A. centroid of the displaced volume of fluid
B. center of pressure of displaced volume
C. e.g. of floating ‘body
D. does not exist
E. none of the above. Answer: A
142. A body floats in stable equilibrium
A. when its meatcentric height is zero
B. when the metancentre is above e.g.
C. when its e.g. is below it’s center of buoyancy
D. metacentre has nothing to do with position of e.g. for determining stability
E. none of the above. Answer: B
l43. A piece weighing 3 kg in air was found to weigh 2.5 kg when submerged in water. Its specific gravity is
A. 1
B. 5
C. 7
D. 6 Answer: D
151. The total pressure force on a plane area is equal to the area multiplied by the intensity of pressure at the centriod, if
A. the area is horizontal
B. the area is vertical
C. the area is inclined
D. all of the above
E. none of the above. Answer: D
152. A square surface 3 m x 3 m lies in a vertical line in water pipe its upper edge at vater surface. The hydrostatic force on square surface is
A. 9,000 kg
B. 13,500 kg
C. 18,000 kg
D. 27,000 kg
E. 30,000 kg. Answer: B
153. The depth of the center of pressure on a vertical rectangular gate 8 m wide and 6 m high, when the water surface coincides with the top of the gate, is
A. 2.4 m
B. 3.0 m
C. 4.0 m
D.”2.5 m
E. 5.0 m. Answer: B
154. If the atmospheric pressure on the surface of an oil tank (sp. gr. 0.8) is 0.2 kg/cm”, the pressure at a depth of 50 m below the oil surface will be
A. 2 meters of water column
B. 3 meters of water column
C. 5 meters of water column
D. 6 meters of water Column
E. 7 meters of water column. Answer: D
155. Metacentre is the point of intersection of
A. vertical upward force through e.g. of body and center line of body
B. buoyant force and the center line of body
C. mid point between e.g. and center of buoyancy
D. all of the above
E. none of the above. Answer: B
156. Choose the wrong statement
A. The horizontal component of the hydro-static force on any surface is equal to the normal force on the vertical projection of the surface
B. The horizontal component acts through the center of pressure for the vertical projection
C. The vertical component of the hydrostatic force on any surface is equal to the weight of the volume of the liquid above the area
D. he vertical component passes through the center of pressure of the volume
E. Center of pressure acts at a greater depth than center of gravity. Answer: D
157. For a body floating in a liquid the normal pressure exerted by the liquid acts at
A. bottom surface of the body
B. e.g. of the body
C. metacentre
D. all points on the surface of the body
E. all of the above. Answer: D
158. Choose the wrong statement
A. any weight, floating or immersed in a liquid, is acted upon by a buoyant force
(p) Buoyant force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced
C. The point through which buoyant force acts, is called the center of buoyancy
D. Center of buoyancy is located above the center of gravity of the displaced liquid v
E. Relative density of liquids can be determined by means of the depth of flotation of hydrometer. Answer: D
159. According to the principle of buoyancy a body totally or partially immersed in a fluid will be lifted up by a force equal to
A. the weight of the body
B. more than the weight of the body
C. less than the weight of the body
D. weight of the fluid displaced by the body
E. weight of body plus the weight of the fluid displaced hy the body. Answer: D
160. When a body floating in a liquid, is displaced slightly, it oscillates about
A. e.g. of body
B. center of pressure
C. center of buoyancy
D. metacentre
E. liquid surface. Answer: D
161. Buoyant force is
A. resultant force acting on a floating body
B. equal to the volume of liquid displaced
C. force necessary to keep a body in equilibrium
D. the resultant force on a body due to the fluid surrounding it
E. none of the above. Answer: D
l62. Ratio of inertia force to surface Jension is known as
A. Mach number
B. Froude number
C. Reynold’s number
D. Weber’s number
E. none of the above. Answer: D
163. A ship whose hull length is 100 m is to travel at 10 m/sec. For dynamic similarity, at what velocity should a 1:25 model be towed through water ?
A. 10 m/sec
B. 25 m/sec
C. 2 m/sec
D. 50 m/sec
E. 250 m/sec. Answer: C
164. A model of a reservior is drained in 4 mts by opening the sluice gate. The model scale is 1: 225. How long should it take to empty the prototype ?
A. 900 minutes
B. 4 minutes
C. 4 x (225)3/2 minutes
D. 4 (225)1/3 minutes
E. 4 x V225 minutes. Answer: E
165. A model of torpedo is tested in a towing tank at a velocity of 25 m/sec. The prototype is expected to attain a velocity of 5 m/sec. What model scale has been used ?
A. 1 : 5
B. 1 : 2.5
C. 1 :25
D. 1:V5″
E. 1 : 53/2 Answer: A
166. Ratio of inertia force to elastic force is known as
A. Mach number
B. Froude number
C. Reynold’s number
D. Weber’s number
E. none of the above. Answer: A
167. For a floating body to be in stable equilibrium, its metacentre should be
A. below the center of gravity
B. below the center of buoyancy
C. above the center of buoyancy
D. between e.g. and center of pressure
E. above the center of gravity. Answer: E
168. For a floating body to be in equilibrium
A. meta center should be above e.g.
B. center of buoyancy and e.g. must lie on same vertical plane
C. a righting couple should be formed
D. all of the above
E. none of the above. Answer: D
169. The two important forces for a floating body are
A. buoyancy, gravity
B. buoyancy, pressure
C. buoyancy, inertial
D. inertial, gravity
E. gravity, pressure. Answer: A
170. Choose the wrong statement
A. The center of buoyancy is located at the center of gravity of the displaced liquid
B. For stability of a submerged body, the center of gravity of body must lie directly below the center of buoyancy
C. If e.g. and center of buoyancy coincide, the submerged body must lie at neutral equilibrium for all positions
D. For stability of floating cylinders or spheres, the e.g. of body must lie below the center of buoyancy
E. All floating bodies are stable. Answer: E
171. Center of pressure on an inclined plane is
A. at the centroid
B. above the centroid
C. below the centroid
D. at metacentre
E. at center of pressure. Answer: C
172. An open vessel of water is accelerated up an inclined plane. The free water surface will
A. be horizontal
B. make an angle in direction of inclination of inclined plane
C. make an angle in opposite direction to inclination of inclined plane
D. any one of above is possible
E. none of the above. Answer: C
173. The line of action of the buoyant force acts through the centroid of the
A. submerged body
B. volume of the floating body
C. volume of the fluid vertically above the body
D. displaced volume of the fluid
E. none of the above. Answer: D
174. Resultant pressure of the liquid in the case of an immersed body acts through
A. center of gravity
B. center of pressure
C. metacentre
D. center of buoyancy
E. in between e.g. and center of pressure. Answer: B
175. The center of gravity of the volume of the liquid displaced by an immersed body is called
A. center of gravity
B. center of pressure
C. metacentre
D. center of buoyancy
E. centroid. Answer: D
176. Differential monometer is used to measure
A. pressure in pipes, channels etc.
B. atmospheric pressure
C. very low pressure
D. difference of pressure between two points
E. velocity in pipes Answer: D
177. The pressure in the air space above an oil (sp. gr. 0.8) surface in a tank is 0.1 kg/cm”.
The pressure at 2.5 m below the oil surface will be
A. 2 meters of water column
B. 3 meters of water column
C. 3.5 meters of water column
D. 4 m of water column
E. none of the above. Answer: B
178. The time oscillation of a floating body with increase in metacentric height will be
A. same
B. higher
C. lower
D. lower/higher depending on weight of body
E. unpredictable. Answer: C
179. In an immersed body, center of pressure is
A. at the center of gravity
B. above the center of gravity
C. below be center of gravity
D. could be above or below e.g. depending on density of body and liquid
E. unpredictable. Answer: C
180. The normal stress is same in all directions at a point in a fluid
A. only when the fluid is frictionless
B. only when the fluid is incompressible and has zero viscosity
C. when there is no motion of one fluid layer relative to an adjacent layer
D. irrespective of the motion of one fluid layer relative to an adjacent layer
E. in case of an ideal fluid. Answer: C
181. Select the correct statement
A. Local atmospheric pressure depends upon elevation of locality only
B. Standard atmospheric pressure is the mean local atmospheric pressure a* sea level
C. Local atmospheric pressure is always below standard atmospheric pressure
D. A barometer reads the difference be-tween local and standard atmospheric pressure
E. Gauge piessure is equal to atmospheric pressure plus instrument reading. Answer: B
184. For measuring flow by a venturimeter, if should be installed in
A. vertical line
B. horizontal line
C. inclined line with flow downward
D. inclined line with upward flow
E. in any direction and in any location. Answer: E
185. Total pressure on a lmxlm gate immersed vertically at a depth of 2 m below the free water surface will be
A. 1000 kg
B. 4000 kg
C. 2000 kg
D. 8000 kg
E. 16000 kg. Answer: A
186. Hot wire anemometer is used to measure
A. pressure in gases
B. liquid discharge
C. pressure in liquids
D. gas velocities
E. temperature. Answer: D
187. Rotameter is a device used to measure
A. absolute pressure
B. velocity of fluid
C. flow
D. rotation
E. velocity of air. Answer: C
18 Flow of water in a pipe about 3 meters in diameter can be measured by
A. orifice plate
B. venturi
C. rotameter
D. pitot tube
E. nozzle Answer: D
189. True one-dimensional flow occurs when
A. the direction and magnitude of the veiocity at all points are identical
B. the velocity of successive fluid par-ticles, at any point, is the same at suc-cessive periods of time
C. the magnitude and direction of the velocity do not change from point to point in the fluid
D. the fluid particles move in plane or parallel planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in each plane
E. velocity, depth, pressure etc. change from point to point in the fluid flow. Answer: A
190. An ideal flow of any fluid must satisfy
A. Pascal law
B. Newton’s law of viscosity
C. boundary layer theory
D. continuity equation
E. Bernoulli’s theorem. Answer: D
191. In the case of steady flow of a fluid, the acceleration of any fluid particle is
A. constant
B. variable
C. zero
D. zero under limiting conditions
E. never zero. Answer: C
193. Non uniform flow occurs when
A. the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all points are identical
B. the velocity of successive fluid par-ticles, at any point, is the same at suc-cessive periods of time
C. the magnitude aricf direction of the velocity do not change from point to point in the fluid
D. the fluid particles move in plane or parallel planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in each plane
E. velocity, depth, pressure, etc. change from point to point in the fluid flow. Answer: E
194. During the opening of a valve in a pipe line, the flow is
A. steady
B. unsteady
C. uniform
D. laminar
E. free vortex type. Answer: B
195. Uniform flow occurs when
A. the flow is steady
B. the flow is streamline
C. size and shape of the cross section in a particular length remain constant
D. size and cross section change uniform¬ly along length
E. flow occurs at constant fate. Answer: C
196. Gradually varied flow is
A. steady uniform
B. non-steady non-uniform
C. non-steady uniform
D. steady non-uniform
E. true one-dimensional. Answer: D
197. Steady flow occurs when
A. the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all points are identical
B. the velocity of successive fluid par-ticles, at any point, is the same at suc-cessive periods of time
C. the magnitude and direction of the velocity do not change from point to point in the fluid
D. the fluid particles move in plane or parallel planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in each plane
E. velocity, depth, pressure, etc. change from point to point in the fluid flow. Answer: B
198. The flow which neglects changes in a transverse direction is known as
A. one dimensional flow
B. uniform flow
C. steady flow
D. turbulent flow
E. streamline flow. Answer: A
199. The flow in which each liquid particle has a definite path and their paths do not cross each other is called
A. one dimensional flow
B. uniform flow
C. steady flow
D. turbulent flow
E. streamline flow. Answer: E
200. The flow in which conditions do not change with time at any point, is known as
A. one dimensional flow
B. uniform flow
C. steady flow
D. turbulent flow
E. streamline flow. Answer: C
201. The flow in which the velocity vector is identical in magnitude and direction at every point, for any given instant, is known as
A. one dimensional flow
B. uniform f^w
C. steady flow
D. turbulent flow
E. streamline flow. Answer: B
202. The flow in which the particles of a fluid attain such velocities that vary from point to point in magnitude and direction as well as from instant to instant, is known as
A. one dimensional flow
B. uniform flow
C. steady flow
D. turbulent flow
E. streamline flow. Answer: D
203. Two pipe systems can be said to be equivalent, when the following quantites are same
A. friction loss and flow
B. length and diameter
C. flow and length
D. friction factor and diameter
E. velocity and diameter. Answer: A
204. For pipes, turbulent flow occurs when Reynolds number is
A. less than 2000
B. between 2000 and 4000
C.. more than 4000
D. less than 4000
E. none of the above. Answer: C
205. Bernoulli equation deals with the law of conservation of
A. mass
B. momentum
C. energy
D. work
E. force. Answer: C
206. A hydraulic press has a ram of 15 cm diameter and plunger of 1.5 cm. It is required to lift a weight of 1 tonne. The force required on plunger is equal tc
A. 10 kg
B. 100 kg
C. 1000 kg
D. 1 kg
E. 10,000 kg. Answer: A
207. Cavitation is caused by
A. high velocity
B. high pressure
C. weak material
D. low pressure
E. low viscosity. Answer: D
208. Cavitation will begin when
A. the pressure at any location reaches an absolute pressure equal to the saturated vapour pressure of the liquid
B. pressure becomes more than critical pressure
C. flow is increased
D. pressure is increased
E. none of the above. Answer: A
209. Principle of similitude forms the basis of
A. comparing two identical equipments
B. designing models so that the result can be converted to prototypes
C. comparing similarity between design and actual equipment
D. hydraulic designs
E. performing acceptance tests. Answer: B
210. Flow occurring in a pipeline when a valve is being opened is
A. steady
B. unsteady
C. laminar
D. vortex
E. rotational. Answer: B
211. General energy equation holds for
A. steady flow
B. turbulent flow
C. laminar flow
D. non-uniform flow
E. all of the above. Answer: D
212. A streamline is defined as the line
A. parallel to central axis flow
B. parallel to outer surface of pipe
C. of equal yelocity in a flow
D. along which the pressure drop is uniform
E. which occurs in all flows. Answer: C
213. Two dimensional flow occurs when
A. the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all points are identical
B. the velocity of successive fluid par-ticles, at any point, is the same at suc-cessive periods of time
C. the magnitude and direction of the velocity do not change from point to point in the fluid
D. the fluid particles move in plane or parallel planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in each plane
E. velocity, depth, pressure, etc. change from point to point in the fluid flow. Answer: D
214. The pressure in Pascals at a depth of 1 m below the free surface of a body of water will be equal to
A. 1 Pa
B. 91Pa
C. 981 Pa
D. 9810 Pa
E. 98,100 Pa. Answer: D
215. A piece of metal of specific gravity 7 floats in mercury of specific gravity 13.6. What fraction of its volume is under mercury ?
A. 0.5
B. 0.4
C. 0.515
D. 0.5
E. none of the above. Answer: C
216. A piece of wood having weight 5 kg floats in water with 60% of its volume under the liquid. The specific gravity of wood is
A. 0.83
B. 0.6
C. 0.4
D. 0.3
E. none of the above. Answer: B
217. The velocity of jet of water travelling out of opening in a tank filled with water is proportional to
A. head of water (h)
B. h2
C. V/T
D. h2
E. h3/1. Answer: C
219. In a free vortex motion, the radial component of velocity everywhere is
A. maximum
B. minimum
C. zero
D. non-zero and finite
E. unpredictable. Answer: C
220. In a forced vortex, the velocity of flow everywhere within the fluid is
A. maximum
B. minimum
C. zero
D. non-zero finite
E. unpredictable. Answer: D
221. The region between the separation streamline and the boundary surface of the solid body is known as
A. wake
B. drag
C. lift
D. boundary layer
E. aerofoil section. Answer: A
222. For hypersonic flow, the Mach number is
A. unity
B. greater than unity
C. greater than 2
D. greater than 4
E. greater than 10. Answer: D
223. The upper surface of a weir over which water flows is known is
A. crest
B. nappe
C. sill
D. weir top
E. contracta. Answer: C
224. Normal depth in open channel flow is the depth of flow corresponding to
A. steady flow
B. unsteady flow
C. laminar flow
D. uniform flow
E. critical flow. Answer: D
225. At the centre line of a pipe flowing under pressure where the velocity gradient is zero, the shear stress will be
A. minimum
B. maximum
C. zero
D. negative value
E. could be any value. Answer: E
226. Uniform flow occurs when
A. the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all points are identical
B. the velocity of successive fluid pai-ticles, at any point, is the same at suc¬cessive periods of time
C. the magnitude and direction of the velocity do not change from point to point in the fluid
D. the fluid particles move in plane or parallel planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in each plsr.e
E. velocity, depth, pressure, etc. change from point to point in the fluid flow. Answer: C
227. Pitot tube is used for measurement of
A. pressure
B. flow
C. velocity
D. dsscharge
E. viscosity. Answer: C
228. Hydrometer is used to determine
A. specific gravity of liquids
B. specific gravity of solids
C. specific gravity of gases
D. relative humidity
E. density. Answer: A
229. The total energy of each particle at various places in the case of perfect incompres sible fluid flowing in continuous sream
D. keeps on increasing
B. keeps on decreasing
C. remains constant
D. may increase/decrease
E. unpredictable. Answer: C
230. According to Bernoulli’s equation for steady ideal fluid flow
A. principle of conservation of mass holds
B. velocity and pressure are inversely proportional
C. total energy is constant throughout
D. the energy is constant along a stream-line but may vary across streamlines
E. none of the above. Answer: D
231. The equation of continuity holds good when the flow
A. is steady
B. is one dimensional
C. velocity is uniform at all the cross sec-tions
D. all of the above
E. none of the above. Answer: D
232. Mach number is significant in
A. supersonics, as with projectiles and jet propulsion
B. full immersion or completely enclosed flow, as with pipes, aircraft wings, nozzles etc.
C. simultaneous motion through two fluids where there is a surface of dis-continuity, gravity force, and wave making effects, as with ship’s hulls
D. all of fhe above
E. none of the above. Answer: A
233. Froude number is significant in
A. supersonics, as with projectile and jet propulsion
B. full immersion or completely enclosed flow, as with pipes, aircraft wings, nozzles etc.
C. simultaneous motion through two fluids where there is a surface of dis-continuity, gravity forces, and wave making effect, as with ship’s hulls
D. all of the above
E. none of the above Answer: C
234. All the terms of energy in Bernoulli’s equation have dimension of
A. energy
B. work
C. mass
D. length
E. time. Answer: D
235. Reynolds number is significant in
A. supersonics, as with projectile and jet propulsion
B. full immersion or completely enclosed flow, as with pipes, aircraft wings, nozzles etc.
C. simultaneous motion through two fluids where there is a surface of dis-continuity, gravity forces, and wave making effect, as with ship’s hulls
D. all of the above
E. none of the above. Answer: B
236. The fluid forces considered in the Navier Stokes equation are
A. gravity, pressure and viscous
B. gravity, pressure and turbulent
C. pressure, viscous and turbulent
D. gravity, viscous and turbulent
E. none of the above. Answer: A
237. A large Roynold number is indication of
A. smooth and streamline flow
B. laminar flow
C. steady flow
D. turbulent flow
E. highly turbulent flow. Answer: E
239. For pipes, laminar flow occurs when Roynolds number is
A. less than 2000
B. between 2000 and 4000
C. more than 4000
D. less than 4000
E. none of the above. Answer: A
240. In order that flow takes place between two points in a pipeline, the differential pressure between thes^ points must be more than
A. frictional force
B. viscosity
C. surface friction
D. all of the above
E. none of the above. Answer: D
HYDRAULICS and FLUID MECHANICS Objective Questions and Answers pdf free download ::
