Counselling Psychology 1 Multiple Choice Questions
1. The cognitive approach refers to
A. thoughts as an explanation of behaviour
B. chemicals as an explanation of behaviour
C. punishment and reinforcement as an explanation of behaviour
D. bodily changes and genetics as an
Answer: A. thoughts as an explanation of behaviour
2. The behaviourist approach refers to
A. thoughts as an explanation of behaviour
B. chemicals as an explanation of behaviour
C. punishment and reinforcement as an explanation of behaviour
D. bodily changes and genetics as an explanation of behaviour
Answer: C. punishment and reinforcement as an explanation of behaviour
3. Joelene is upset and has often felt stressed. She decides to visit a Psychologist, who refers her to aPsychiatrist. Which of the reasons below is not true of Psychiatrists?
A. a psychiatrist is a medically-trained doctor.
B. a psychiatrist prescribes medication
C. a psychiatrist must complete a four year degree in psychology
D. a psychiatrist performs medical procedures
Answer: C. a psychiatrist must complete a four year degree in psychology
4. Which of the following is not a behaviourist?
A. rogers
B. pavlov
C. watson
D. skinner
Answer: A. rogers
5. An explanation of behaviour that is not based on scientific methods is called a/an
A. experiment
B. pseudoscience
C. hypothesis
D. theory
Answer: B. pseudoscience
6. Freud was the founder of which approach to Psychology?
A. psychoanalytic
B. behaviouristic
C. humanistic
D. cognitive
Answer: A. psychoanalytic
7. Mark is visiting a counsellor to deal with anxiety issues. A Cognitive Psychologist would approach therapy of Mark in which way?
A. interview him about his thought processes and self-talk
B. provide him with medication
C. give him positive or negative feedback, depending on the desired environmental outcome
D. tell him he is only trying to reach his true potential, and counsel him in an effort to find this
Answer: A. interview him about his thought processes and self-talk
8. Anthony is having trouble with his colleagues. Lucky, his workplace has some psychologist on hand forany issues. Anthony decides to go and visit them. The most likely type of Psychologist the workplace has, is a/an:
A. clinical psychologist
B. behavioural psychologist
C. organisational psychologist
D. forensic psychologist
Answer: C. organisational psychologist
9. Your school has a goal of students being more prepared for class. For the first time all year, all of your students come to class prepared. How would you use positive reinforcement to try to increase the chance of this behavior happening again?
A. give the entire class a free ice cream pass to use in the cafeteria.
B. take away a homework assignment for that night.
C. drop each student\s lowest quiz grade for that marking peri
Answer: A. give the entire class a free ice cream pass to use in the cafeteria.
10. You are potty training your 3 year old daughter. She lets you know every time she needs to use the bathroom, however she is having accidents instead of actually using the toilet. Her pediatrician suggests that you should have her clean her underwear every time she has an accident. You start enforcing this rule, and she has fewer accidents. This is an example of…
A. positive reinforcement
B. negative reinforcement
C. positive punishment
D. negative punishment
Answer: C. positive punishment
11. You are trying to train your dog not to jump on guests when they walk into your home. You buy a zap collar at the store, which has a remote that will shock the dog when you push a button. Every time your dog jumps on a person, you push the button, and the dog gets an electric shock. Which scientist’s experiments are you most closely replicating?
A. pavlov
B. gagne
C. skinner
D. walters
Answer: C. skinner
12. Shyam is very orderly in the way he lives, and also very miserly with his money. According to Freud,these traits are associated with fixation at the _____________ stage of development.
A. oral
B. anal
C. phallic
D. genital
Answer: B. anal
13. Each of the following is part of the definition of psychotherapy except
A. trained professional
B. psychological methods
C. medical treatment methods
D. based on psychological theory
Answer: C. medical treatment methods
14. Which type of psychotherapy views the process of helping others as a form of teaching?
A. humanistic therapy
B. behaviour therapy
C. psychoanalytic therapy
D. client-centered therapy
Answer: B. behaviour therapy
15. According to the Association to the Association for Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, each of the following is an ethical consideration in the use of psychotherapy except
A. the goals of treatment
B. the fees (splitting the fees when necessary)
C. the choice of treatment methods
D. client confidentiality
Answer: B. the fees (splitting the fees when necessary)
16. Which of the following is a situation where it is appropriate for a therapist to breach confidentiality?
A. spouse inquiry
B. court order
C. insurance company order
D. relative asks a question
Answer: B. court order
17. Ann’s psychoanalytic therapist asks her to lie on a coach and talk about whatever comes to mind.The technique being used by her therapist is
A. catharsis
B. resistance
C. free association
D. transference
Answer: C. free association
18. According to Freud, when the patient reacts to the therapist in ways that resemble how he or she would react to other authority figures, the process is called
A. resistance
B. catharsis
C. free association
D. transference
Answer: D. transference
19. In psychoanalysis, the release of emotional energy related to unconscious conflicts is called
A. resistance
B. catharsis
C. free association
D. transference
Answer: B. catharsis
20. A contemporary Neo-Freudian form of psychotherapy that ignores unconscious motivation is called
A. social skills training
B. systematic desensitization
C. interpersonal psychotherapy
D. assertiveness training
Answer: C. interpersonal psychotherapy
21. According to Rogers, the ability of the therapist to share the client’s emotions is an important process called
A. reflection
B. empathy
C. catharsis
D. transference
Answer: B. empathy
22. The role of the client-centered therapist is to
A. interpret the client’s unconscious conflicts
B. create a safe atmosphere for clients to express feelings
C. confront and challenge the client and point out inconsistencies
D. help the client unlearn abnormal ways
Answer: B. create a safe atmosphere for clients to express feelings
23. Which of the following techniques is a client-centered therapist most likely to use?
A. analysis
B. giving advice
C. reflection
D. aversive conditioning
Answer: C. reflection
24. Systematic desensitization and graded exposure are two techniques used to treat
A. schizophrenia
B. phobias
C. bipolar disorder
D. depression
Answer: B. phobias
25. Behaviour therapy teaches skills based on methods derived from
A. classical conditioning
B. operant conditioning
C. information-processing theory
D. a and b above
Answer: D. a and b above
26. After Mike got to college, the first two people he called to ask for a trip forcefully told him ‘No!’ Mikehas concluded he will never have a trip. Beck would say Mike is engaging in
A. selective abstraction
B. personalization
C. overgeneralization
D. none of the above
Answer: C. overgeneralization
27. With which disorders has cognitive therapy been shown to be effective?
A. anxiety disorders
B. bulimia
C. major depression
D. all of the above
Answer: D. all of the above
28. Persuading clients to abandon their erroneous ways of thinking is a goal of
A. aversive conditioning
B. cognitive therapy
C. systematic desensitization
D. social skills training
Answer: B. cognitive therapy
29. A therapist who pays particular attention to transference during therapy is likely to have which approach?
A. psychodynamic approach
B. cognitive approach
C. humanistic approach
D. behavioural approach
Answer: A. psychodynamic approach
30. A therapist who tries to decrease incongruence in the client is likely to have which approach?
A. psychodynamic approach
B. cognitive approach
C. humanistic approach
D. behavioural approach
Answer: C. humanistic approach
31. A therapist who uses classical conditioning principles to treat a spider phobia is likely to have whichapproach?
A. psychodynamic approach
B. cognitive approach
C. humanistic approach
D. behavioural approach
Answer: D. behavioural approach
32. a therapist whose main task is to encourage clients to test their assumptions against reality is likelyto have which approach?
A. psychodynamic approach
B. cognitive approach
C. humanistic approach
D. behavioural approach
Answer: B. cognitive approach
33. According to Freud, which part of the mind is composed mainly of life and death instincts
A. id
B. ego
C. superego
D. none of these
Answer: B. ego
34. According to Freud, primitive instinctual motives and repressed memories are stored in the
A. conscious mind
B. preconscious mind
C. unconscious mind
D. superego
Answer: C. unconscious mind
35. According to Freud, information that you are not currently aware of that can be easily recalled intoawareness resides in which part of the mind?
A. preconscious
B. conscious
C. unconscious
D. subconscious
Answer: A. preconscious
36. The executive of the personality, which operates according to the reality principle, is the
A. id
B. ego
C. superego
D. none of the above
Answer: B. ego
37. According to Freud, which part of the mind is dominated by the pleasure principle?
A. the id
B. the ego
C. the super ego
D. the super id
Answer: A. the id
38. According to Freud, which part of the mind corresponds roughly to Conscience?
A. the id
B. the ego
C. the super ego
D. the super id
Answer: C. the super ego
39. All of the following are examples of sublimation except
A. competing in contact sports
B. robbing a bank
C. painting nude portraits
D. competing in business
Answer: B. robbing a bank
40. To prevent itself from being overwhelmed by excessive demands from the Id and Superego, the Egorelies on
A. the oedipus complex
B. defense mechanisms
C. the reality principle
D. the pleasure principle
Answer: B. defense mechanisms
41. The humanistic view states that
A. humans possess an inner-directedness
B. humans possess an objective view of reality
C. people should not frustrate themselves by continually trying to change and improve
D. personality is dominated by an active unconscious
Answer: A. humans possess an inner-directedness
42. Rogers believes that differences between the self and the ideal self
A. are uncomfortable
B. lead to incongruence
C. lead to unsymbolized feelings
D. all of the above
Answer: D. all of the above
43. Which approach to psychology is referred to as the “third force”?
A. psychoanalysis
B. social learning theory
C. humanistic theory
D. trait theory
Answer: C. humanistic theory
44. Humanistic psychologists believe that people are born _________, whereas social learning theoristsbelieve that people are born ___________.
A. good, selfish
B. selfish, good
C. neutral, good
D. good, neutral
Answer: D. good, neutral
45. Rogers is most properly associated with
A. non-directive counselling
B. client centered therapy
C. rational-emotive therapy
D. behaviour modification
Answer: B. client centered therapy
46. Rogers described the formative tendency as the tendency for
A. humans to form intimate interpersonal relationships
B. matter to evolve from simpler to more complex forms
C. people to strive toward self-actualization
D. people to return to an inorganic state
Answer: B. matter to evolve from simpler to more complex forms
47. Rogers believed that all behaviour relates to one’s
A. enhancement needs
B. perceived self
C. ideal self
D. actualizing tendency
Answer: D. actualizing tendency
48. Healthy people evaluate their experiences as good or bad according to which criterion?
A. perceived self
B. reflected appraisal of others
C. the actualizing tendency
D. the self concept
Answer: C. the actualizing tendency
49. In Rogerian theory, the actualizing tendency
A. is synonymous with the formative tendency
B. has the same or nearly the same meaning as self-actualization
C. refers to the person’s organismic experiences
D. refers to the tendency to actualize the
Answer: C. refers to the person’s organismic experiences
50. Inner tension arises, Rogers said, when a conflict exists between the
A. self-actualizing tendency and the organismic self
B. emotion and cognition
C. the values of others and one’s own values
D. the formative tendency and the actualization tendency
Answer: A. self-actualizing tendency and the organismic self
51. A discrepancy between the self-concept and the ideal self results in
A. ego defense mechanisms
B. resistance
C. incongruence
D. subception
Answer: C. incongruence
52. Subception was defined by Rogers as
A. the underlying empathic linkage between client and therapist
B. the process of perceiving stimuli without an awareness of the perception
C. a discrepancy between the organismic self and the ideal self
D. a discrepancy between the actualizing
Answer: B. the process of perceiving stimuli without an awareness of the perception
53. George has a low perception of himself. To increase his self-concept, his parents and teacher continually praise and compliment him. Rogers believed that such praise and compliments are mostlikely to
A. enhance george’s self-esteem
B. reinforce george’s negative behaviour
C. be easily accepted into george’s self- concept
D. be distorted by george
Answer: D. be distorted by george
54. Rogers believed that, for psychologically healthy individuals,
A. the self and experience are congruent
B. denial of organismic functioning is essential
C. the ideal self replaces the real self
D. an incongruence exists between their organismic self and their ideal self
Answer: A. the self and experience are congruent
55. Which statement is consistent with Roger’s theory?
A. self-regard is originally dependent on self concept
B. once achieved, self-regard can exist independently of others’ opinions and attitudes
C. self-regard is symptomatic of malignant egoism
D. self-regard stems from the negative appraisals received from others
Answer: B. once achieved, self-regard can exist independently of others’ opinions and attitudes
56. An unawareness of a discrepancy between self and experience leads to
A. psychological health
B. anxiety
C. vulnerability
D. guilt
Answer: C. vulnerability
57. According to Rogers, the two primary defensive strategies are
A. repression and denial
B. repression and reaction formation
C. denial and distortion
D. subception and regression
Answer: C. denial and distortion
58. Which statement is most consistent with Roger’s concept of humanity?
A. people have a natural tendency to move toward actualization
B. people move inevitably toward actualization
C. people move inevitably toward self-actualization
D. people are free to become what they will
Answer: A. people have a natural tendency to move toward actualization
59. Shaping complex behaviour through Operant conditioning usually includes which procedure?
A. classical conditioning
B. punishment
C. cognitive mediation
D. successive approximation
Answer: D. successive approximation
60. Any aversive condition that when removed from a situation increases the probability that a givenbehaviour will occur is a
A. negative reinforcer
B. positive reinforcer
C. reward
D. negative punishment
Answer: A. negative reinforcer
61. Jane rubs her knee to reduce pain. This behaviour is most likely an example of
A. classical conditioning
B. punishment
C. positive reinforcement
D. negative reinforcement
Answer: D. negative reinforcement
62. A bricklayer is paid a given amount of money for every brick laid. This procedure most closelyapproximates which schedule of reinforcement?
A. fixed-ratio
B. variable-ratio
C. fixed-interval
D. variable-interval
Answer: A. fixed-ratio
63. Extinction of a response will occur earliest when learning occurs under which schedule ofreinforcement?
A. continuous
B. variable-ratio
C. fixed-interval
D. variable-interval
Answer: A. continuous
64. Which of these would be the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?
A. sleep
B. relief from a headache
C. praise
D. oxygen
Answer: C. praise
65. A slot machine pays off on which schedule?
A. continuous
B. fixed-ratio
C. variable interval
D. none of the above
Answer: D. none of the above
66. The twin cornerstone of psychoanalytic motivation are
A. sex and security
B. safety and security
C. hunger and sex
D. sex and aggression
Answer: D. sex and aggression
67. What analogy did Freud use to illustrate the relationship between the ego and the Id?
A. rider and horse
B. groom and bride
C. chicken and egg
D. hammer and anvil
Answer: A. rider and horse
68. The id serves the ________ principle
A. pleasure
B. reality
C. moralistic
D. idealistic
Answer: A. pleasure
69. Which regions of the mind have no direct contact with external world?
A. id and super ego
B. id and ego
C. id only
D. ego and super ego
Answer: A. id and super ego
70. Which of these is a manifestation of both sex and aggression?
A. anxiety
B. narcissism
C. masochism
D. love
Answer: C. masochism
71. A sadist receives sexual pleasure from
A. inflicting pain on others
B. inflicting pain on self
C. receiving pain inflicted by others
D. watching other people undress
Answer: A. inflicting pain on others
72. Freud called the mouth, anus, and genitals
A. oedipal strivings
B. erogenous zones
C. the aim of the sexual instinct
D. the aim of the aggressive instinct
Answer: B. erogenous zones
73. the guilt a person experiences after violating personal standards of conduct is called _________anxiety.
A. realistic
B. neurotic
C. manifest
D. moral
Answer: D. moral
74. According to Freud, anxiety is felt by the
A. id
B. ego
C. super ego
D. conscience
Answer: B. ego
75. Defense mechanisms protect the Ego against
A. feelings of shame
B. guilt
C. anxiety
D. public disgrace
Answer: C. anxiety
76. In Freudian theory, Anxiety
A. reduces repression
B. triggers repression
C. increases repression
D. is unrelated to repression
Answer: B. triggers repression
77. With this defense mechanism, a repressed desire finds an opposite and exaggerated expression
A. fixation
B. reaction formation
C. sublimation
D. undoing
Answer: B. reaction formation
78. A completely weaned child goes back to the bottle after a younger sister is born. This return to amore infantile pattern of behaviour expresses a
A. reaction formation
B. fixation
C. regression
D. projection
Answer: C. regression
79. Mohan has great admiration for his teacher. He attempts to imitate this teacher’s lifestyle andmannerisms. This is an example of
A. displacement
B. sublimation
C. projection
D. introjection
Answer: D. introjection
80. A type of repression in which the ego attempts to do away with unpleasant experiences and theirconsequences is called
A. undoing
B. suppression
C. reaction formation
D. forgetting
Answer: A. undoing
81. This defence mechanism, unlike others, usually results in some benefit to society.
A. undoing
B. fixation
C. sublimation
D. regression
Answer: C. sublimation
82. To Freud, the most crucial stage of development is
A. infancy
B. latency
C. genital
D. maturity
Answer: A. infancy
83. The anal triad consists of all these characteristics EXCEPT
A. miserliness
B. aggressiveness
C. stubbornness
D. compulsive neatness
Answer: B. aggressiveness
84. For boys, the Castration complex
A. takes the form of penis envy
B. shatters the oedipus complex
C. comes before the oedipus complex
D. both a and c
Answer: D. both a and c
85. Freud believed that, for girls
A. the oedipus complex precedes the castration complex
B. the castration complex takes the form of castration anxiety
C. the oedipus complex is solved when they identify with their father, at around age 5 or 6
D. none of the above
Answer: D. none of the above
86. With few exceptions, the unconscious meaning of dreams expressed
A. early childhood traumas
B. wish-fulfillments
C. experiences of the day before
D. feelings of inferiority
Answer: B. wish-fulfillments
87. Psychoanalytic therapy is most likely to include this technique
A. homework assignments
B. free association
C. interpretation of early collections
D. an active, aggressive therapist
Answer: B. free association
88. 2. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the first level of needs that must be met are:
A. physical needs
B. safety needs
C. social needs
D. esteem needs
Answer: A. physical needs
89. Psychologist wrote about the hierarchy of needs
A. albert bandura
B. arthur jensen
C. sigmund freud
D. abraham maslow
Answer: D. abraham maslow
90. The humanistic approach understands us in terms of:
A. the unconscious
B. the self
C. the environment
D. the ego
Answer: B. the self
91. Physiological, safety, love and belongingness and esteem are all examples of our ______.
A. sexual needs
B. deficiency needs
C. growth needs
D. all of the above
Answer: B. deficiency needs
92. Physiological needs are our
A. emotional needs
B. cognitive needs
C. bodily needs
D. growth needs
Answer: C. bodily needs
93. When we find ourself excluded from groups we want to join, we
A. value ourselves more
B. value ourselves the same
C. value ourselves less
D. neglect
Answer: C. value ourselves less
94. Who in childhood influence our self esteem the most
A. parents
B. teachers
C. friends
D. visitors
Answer: A. parents
95. All individuals should give other individuals their:
A. unconditional positive regard
B. unconditional surrender
C. unconditional stimulus
D. all of the above
Answer: A. unconditional positive regard
96. Genuineness, empathy and unconditional positive regard are used to create:
A. conditions of growth
B. conditions of worth
C. conditions of release
D. conditions of love
Answer: A. conditions of growth
97. The purpose of humanistic psychotherapy is to allow the individual to move from:
A. ideal self to perceived self
B. ego defence to ego ideal
C. perceived self to ideal self
D. ego ideal to ego defense
Answer: C. perceived self to ideal self
98. The humanistic approach uses:
A. the experimental method
B. the case study method
C. the observational method
D. both b and c
Answer: B. the case study method