[Updated] Commerce Class Notes of All Topics Pdf Download

Commerce Class Notes

1. 1. Abbreviations
   2. Acceptance
   3. Accounting As An Information System
   4. Accounting Concept of Depreciation
   5. Accounting Concepts
   6. Accounting Entries in the Books of the Consignee
   7. Accounting Formulas
   8. Accounting Period Concept – Meaning, Types, and FAQs
   9. Accounting Process
   10. Accounting Ratios
   11. Accounting Standards
   12. Accounting Standards Objectives Benefits Limitations
   13. Accounting Treatment in Books of Lessor
   14. Accounting Treatment in the Books of Lessee
   15. Accounting Treatment of Goodwill Change in PSR
   16. Accounting for Non Profit Organisation
   17. Accounting for Not for Profit Organisations
   18. Accounts Correspondence
   19. Accrual Basis and Cash Basis
   20. Adjustment Entries
   21. Adjustment of Capitals
   22. Adjustment of Partners Capital
   23. Admission of a Partner
   24. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Decentralization
   25. Advantages And limitations Of Forecasting
   26. Advantages and Disadvantages of Centralization and Decentralization
   27. Advantages and Disadvantages of Email
   28. Advantages and Limitations of Auditing
   29. Advantages and Limitations of Internal Audit
   30. Aggregators
   31. Agreements Without Consideration
   32. Agricultural Diversification
   33. Agricultural Market System
   34. Agriculture Sector on The Eve of Independence
   35. Amendment In Cash Book
   36. Analysis of Financial Statements
   37. Annuity Method
   38. Anticipatory Breach and Actual Breach of Contract
   39. Appointment Of Directors
   40. Article Writing
   41. Articles of Association
   42. Assets on Balance Sheet
   43. Auction Sale
   44. Audit And Auditors Under Companies Act
   45. Audit Opinion
   46. Audit and Auditors under the Company Act, 2013
   47. Audit-Evidence
   48. Authority Responsibility And Accountability
   49. Average Due Date
   50. Average Revenue Formula
   51. Bad Debt – Meaning and Examples
   52. Balance Sheet
   53. Balance of Payment
   54. Balance of Payment – Definition, Importance and Components
   55. Balance of Payments Deficit and Surplus
   56. Bank Reconciliation – Statement Rules, Importance and Statement Format
   57. Banking and e Banking
   58. Barriers In Communication
   59. Basic Accounting Procedures
   60. Basic Concepts Of Economics
   61. Basic Concepts of Company Accounts
   62. Basic Problems of an Economy
   63. Benefits and Limitation of E-Business
   64. Benefits of Entrepreneurship
   65. Bills of Exchange
   66. Blooms Taxonomy
   67. Bookkeeping
   68. Books of Prime Entry
   69. Branding
   70. Break – Even Analysis
   71. British Colonial Rule
   72. Budget Deficit – Types, Formula, Advantages and Examples
   73. Budget Line
   74. Bureaucratic Theory By Max Weber
   75. Business Communication Introduction
   76. Business Correspondence
   77. Business Correspondence and Reporting
   78. Business Entity Concept – Finance, Owners, Limitations and Examples
   79. Business Environment
   80. Business Ethics And Environmental Protection
   81. Business Functions Strategy
   82. Business Law
   83. Business Laws CS
   84. Business Management and Entrepreneurship
   85. Business Process Outsourcing BPO
   86. Business Services
   87. Calculation of Mean Median and Mode
   88. Capacity to Contract
   89. Capital And Revenue Transactions
   90. Capital Expenditures And Revenue Expenditures
   91. Capital Goods – Explanation, Variety of Assets, Examples and FAQs
   92. Capital Market
   93. Capital Receipt And Revenue Receipt
   94. Capital Structure
   95. Capital and Revenue Items
   96. Capitalist Economy
   97. Cardinal and Ordinal Utility
   98. Career Development Path
   99. Carriage Inwards and Carriage Outwards – Impact and Profitability
   100. Cash And Cash Equivalents
   101. Cash Book
   102. Cash Flow Statement
   103. Causes Of Downward Slope
   104. Causes of Business Cycles
   105. Census and Sample Survey
   106. Central Problems of an Economy
   107. Centralisation and Decentralisation
   108. Challenges to Entrepreneurs
   109. Change In Equilibrium Price Due To Shift In Demand
   110. Change In Equilibrium Price Due To Shift Supply
   111. Changes In Accounting Policies
   112. Changes In Supply
   113. Changes in Demand
   114. Changing Role of Public Sector
   115. Characteristics Effective Communication
   116. Characteristics Of Indian Economy
   117. Characteristics og Good Business Writing
   118. Choice of Words
   119. Circular Flow of Income & Methods of Calculating National Income
   120. Circulars
   121. Classical Organization Theory
   122. Classification Of Cost 2
   123. Classification Of Group Dynamics
   124. Classification of Accounting
   125. Classification of Assets And Liabilities
   126. Classification of Business Activities
   127. Classification of Costs
   128. Classification of Sources of Funds
   129. Closing Stock
   130. Closing Stock Formula
   131. Collocations
   132. Commercial Banks And Financial Institutions
   133. Commercial Paper
   134. Communication
   135. Communication Services Transportation and Warehousing
   136. Communication of Offer and Acceptance and Revocation of Offer
   137. Companies Act 2013 Section 8 Company
   138. Companies act 2013
   139. Companies act 2013 Private Companies
   140. Comparison Of Business Profession And Employment
   141. Comprehension Passages
   142. Computerised Accounting Environment
   143. Computerized Accounting Environment
   144. Computerized Accounting System
   145. Concept Of Responsibility
   146. Concept Of Wealth Welfare And Investments
   147. Concept and Accounting of Depreciation Sinking Fund Method
   148. Concept and Characteristics of Business
   149. Concept of Auditing
   150. Concept of Authority
   151. Concept of Change Management
   152. Concept of Condition and Warranty
   153. Concept of Costs
   154. Concept of E-Correspondence
   155. Concept of Principles of Management
   156. Concepts and Characteristics of Entrepreneurship
   157. Concepts of Total Revenue Average Revenue and Marginal Revenue
   158. Connotation Meaning
   159. Consequences of Non Registration of a Firm
   160. Conservatism Concept
   161. Consignment And Sale Distinction
   162. Consignments
   163. Consumer Awareness
   164. Consumer Budget
   165. Consumer Equilibrium
   166. Consumer Equilibrium Utility Analysis
   167. Consumer Equilibrium in Case of Two Commodity
   168. Consumer Organizations And Ngos
   169. Consumer Protection
   170. Consumer Protection Act – Rights and Responsibilities
   171. Consumer Rights and Responsibilities
   172. Consumer Rights and Responsibilities
   173. Consumer Surplus – Producers, Assumptions, Importance and FAQ\’s
   174. Contingency Approach To Leadership
   175. Contingent Assets
   176. Contingent Assets and Liabilities
   177. Contingent Contract
   178. Contingent Liability
   179. Contract of Guarantee
   180. Contribution By Some Major Industries
   181. Control Of Inflation
   182. Control Process
   183. Controlling Responsibilities
   184. Convention of Mails and Sample Mails
   185. Cooperative Society
   186. Corporate Veil Theory
   187. Correlation in a Whole
   188. Cost Audit
   189. Cost Centre and Cost Unit
   190. Cost Centre and Profit Centre
   191. Cost Concepts
   192. Cost Control and Cost Reduction
   193. Cost Of Assets For Calculating Depreciation
   194. Cost, Costing and Cost Accounting
   195. Cover Letter
   196. Credit Creation By Commercial Bank
   197. Credit and Banking in Rural Areas
   198. Crisis Management
   199. Currency
   200. Current Assets
   201. Current Liabilities
   202. Cyber Laws Electronic Rrecord and e Governnance
   203. Data Classification
   204. Death of a Partner
   205. Debentures
   206. Debit and Credit
   207. Decentralisation
   208. Decision Making in Groups
   209. Deficit Financing – Types, Objectives, Advantage and FAQs
   210. Delegation
   211. Delegation Of Authority
   212. Demand – meaning & Effecting Factors
   213. Demand Forecasting
   214. Demand Schedule
   215. Demographic Condition
   216. Departmental Undertaking
   217. Depreciation
   218. Depreciation – AS 10
   219. Depreciation Accounting Declining Charge Method
   220. Determining Capital Or Revenue Nature
   221. Development Of Indian Accounting Standards
   222. Development of Management Theory
   223. Development of Public Enterprises In India
   224. Diagrammatic Presentation of Data
   225. Difference Between Assets and Liabilities
   226. Difference Between Bookkeeping and Accounting
   227. Difference Between Cash Flow and Fund Flow
   228. Difference Between Cost Accounting and Financial Accounting
   229. Difference Between Cost Accounting and Management Accounting
   230. Difference Between Customer and Consumer
   231. Difference Between Dealer and Distributor
   232. Difference Between Economic Growth and Economic Development
   233. Difference Between Entrepreneur and Businessman
   234. Difference Between Entrepreneur and Manager
   235. Difference Between Fixed Capital and Working Capital
   236. Difference Between Fixed Cost and Variable Cost
   237. Difference Between GDP and GNP
   238. Difference Between Market and Marketing
   239. Difference Between Micro and Macro Economics
   240. Difference Between Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition
   241. Difference Between National Income and Private Income
   242. Difference Between PERT and CPM
   243. Difference Between Packing and Packaging
   244. Difference Between Physical Capital and Human Capital
   245. Difference Between Planning and Controlling
   246. Difference Between Production and Operation Management
   247. Difference Between Provision and Reserve
   248. Difference Between Sales and Marketing
   249. Difference Between Standard Costing and Budgetary Control
   250. Difference Between Trade and Commerce
   251. Difference Between Traditional Commerce and E-Commerce
   252. Difference Between Trial Balance and Balance Sheet
   253. Difference Between Vision And Mission Statement
   254. Difference between ADR and GDR
   255. Difference between Capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure
   256. Difference between Comparative Financial Statement and Common Size Financial Statement
   257. Difference between Comparative Financial Statement and Common Size Financial Statement
   258. Difference between Money Market and Capital Market
   259. Difference between Promissory Note and Bill of Exchange
   260. Difference between Public and Private sector
   261. Difference between Wholesale and Retail
   262. Differences Between Primary Data and Secondary Data
   263. Different Format of Formats of Writing a Resume
   264. Differnce Between Balance of Trade and Balance of Payment
   265. Differnce Between Total Utility and Marginal Utility
   266. Digital Economy
   267. Dimensions of Business Environment
   268. Diminishing Balance Method
   269. Disadvantages of Incorporation
   270. Discharge of Contract
   271. Dishonour And Discharge Of Bills
   272. Dishonour of Bill
   273. Dissolution of A Firm
   274. Dissolution of Partnership
   275. Distinction Joint Ventures Partnerships
   276. Distribution
   277. Doctrine of Caveat Emptor
   278. Doctrine of Ultra Vires
   279. Dos and Donts of Precis Writing
   280. Double Entry System
   281. Drafting Minutes of Meeting ATR
   282. Dual Aspect Concept in Accounting
   283. E-Correspondence
   284. Economic Challenges in India
   285. Economic Environment
   286. Economic Fluctuations
   287. Economic Growth – Economy, Determinants and Types
   288. Economic Reforms
   289. Economic and Non-Economic Activities
   290. Economies and Diseconomies of Scale
   291. Education in India
   292. Effective Delegation
   293. Effective Email Writing
   294. Effects Of Inflation On Production And Distribution Of Wealth
   295. Elasticity of Demand
   296. Elasticity of Supply
   297. Electronic Commerce
   298. Elements Of Directing
   299. Elements of Company Law II
   300. Elements of Cost
   301. Elements of Direction Leadership
   302. Elements of Partnership
   303. Elements of a Good Control System
   304. Emerging Modes of Business
   305. Emerging Trends in Business
   306. Endorsement Of Instruments
   307. Entrepreneur
   308. Entrepreneurial Opportunities
   309. Entrepreneurship – Types of Entrepreneurship
   310. Entrepreneurship Development Process
   311. Environment
   312. Environment Of Decision Making
   313. Environment and Sustainable Development in India
   314. Environmental Scanning
   315. Equilibrium Excess Demand and Supply
   316. Equilibrium Price
   317. Equity – Meaning, Definition & Types
   318. Equity Shares
   319. Equity Shares and Preference Shares
   320. Essential Qualities of a Good Business Letter
   321. Essential factors of Enterprise Ethics
   322. Essential of Good English
   323. Essentials of Valid Contract
   324. Evolution Of Management Thought
   325. Exceptions to the Law of Demand
   326. Exchange Rate Determination
   327. Expectation Of Law Of Supply
   328. Expenditure Method
   329. Expenditure Method and Income Method
   330. Export
   331. Export Procedures And Documentations
   332. Express and Implied Conditions
   333. Express and Implied Warranties
   334. Expressly Void Agreements
   335. Factors of Production Capital
   336. Factors of Production Entrepreneur
   337. Factors of Production Labour
   338. Features and Importance of Controlling
   339. Features and Limitations of Planning
   340. Features of BRS
   341. Features of Business
   342. Features of Business Cycles
   343. Features of HRM
   344. Features of Joint Venture Accounts
   345. Features of Perfect Competition
   346. Features of a Company
   347. Final Accounts
   348. Final Goods
   349. Finalization of Accounts
   350. Finance and Equity Preference Share
   351. Financial Institutions In India ICICI
   352. Financial Market
   353. Financial Planning – Meaning, Objectives, and Features
   354. Financial Statements
   355. Financial Statements of a Company
   356. Financing Decisions
   357. Fiscal Policy
   358. Fixed Assets
   359. Fixed Assets and Current Assets
   360. Fixed Shop Large Retailers and Chain Stores or Multiple Shops
   361. Flow Management In Supply Chain
   362. Food Security
   363. Forfeiture of Shares
   364. Formal Organisation Matrix Organisation
   365. Formal Organization Line Organization
   366. Formal Organization Line and Staff Organization
   367. Format of Cost Sheet
   368. Forms Of Business Organizations
   369. Forms Of Inflation
   370. Forms of Market
   371. Forms of Market Concepts of Total Average and Marginal Revenue
   372. Forms of organizing Public Sector
   373. Formulation of Accounting Standards in India
   374. Four key Elements of Entrepreneurship
   375. Franchising
   376. Free of Consent
   377. Frequency Distribution
   378. Functional Organization
   379. Functions Of Central Bank
   380. Functions of Commercial Banks
   381. Functions of Entrepreneurs In the Economy
   382. Functions of Money
   383. Functions of Money and Its Demand
   384. Functions of an Accountant
   385. Fundamental Accounting Assumptions
   386. GDP and Welfare
   387. Gaining Ratio
   388. Global Integration and Business Environment
   389. Globalisation
   390. Globalisation and the Indian Economy
   391. Globalization and The Indian Economy – Definition, Salient Features and Ways to Measure
   392. Going Concern Concept – Explanation, Significance and Examples
   393. Goods Sent Casually
   394. Goodwill
   395. Government Budget
   396. Government Company
   397. Government Deficit
   398. Governnment Assistance to Small Industries and Small Business Units
   399. Governnment Budget and The Economy
   400. Green Revolution
   401. Gross Domestic Product Deflator (GDP) – Explanation, Formula and Benefits
   402. Group Cohesiveness
   403. Guidelines For Effective Decision Making
   404. Guidelines for Effective Business Communication
   405. Henri Fayol’s Principles of Management – Functions, Importance and Advantages
   406. Hidden Goodwill
   407. Historical Cost Methods FIFO and LIFO
   408. How to Become a Shareholder?
   409. Human Capital Formation
   410. Human Development Index
   411. Human Resources
   412. IDBI Net
   413. Import Procedures and Documentations
   414. Import Substitution & Trade Policy
   415. Import Trade
   416. Importance Of Delegation And Steps In Delegation
   417. Importance Of Motivation
   418. Importance Of Natural Resources
   419. Importance and Limitation of Coordination
   420. Importance and Limitations of HRM
   421. Importance of Cost Accounting
   422. Important Index Numbers
   423. Important Principles Of Group Dynamics
   424. Incentives
   425. Incidental Trading Activity
   426. Income Determination Ex ante Ex Post
   427. Income Elasticity of Demand
   428. Income Method
   429. Income and Expenditure Account
   430. Income and Expenditure Account Based on Trial Balance
   431. Incorporation of an LLP
   432. Index Numbers
   433. Indian Accounting Standards
   434. Indian Accounting Standards And IFRS
   435. Indian Contract Act 1872
   436. Indian Contract Act 1872 Classes of Agents
   437. Indian Contract Act 1872 Part I
   438. Indian Economy 1950-1990
   439. Indian Economy During Reforms
   440. Indian Economy on The Eve of Independence
   441. Indian Partnership Act Goodwill of A Firm
   442. Indian partnership Act LLP Agreement
   443. Indias Role in World Business
   444. Indifference Curve
   445. Industrial Policy
   446. Industrial Relations – Functions, Characteristics and Objectives
   447. Industrialization In India
   448. Inflation Rate Formula
   449. Informal Organization
   450. Information Technology Act 2000
   451. Infrastructure
   452. Infrastructure And Economic Development
   453. Infrastructure In India
   454. Instruments of Monetary policy and The Reserve Bank of India
   455. Insurance
   456. Insurance Correspondence
   457. Interest on Capital
   458. Interest on Debenture
   459. Intermediate Goods
   460. Internal Audit
   461. Internal Trade
   462. Internal Trade And Wholesale Trade
   463. Internal and External Communication
   464. International Business
   465. International Business and Global Practices
   466. International Financing And Choice Of Sources Of Funds
   467. International Trade
   468. Intranet
   469. Intrapreneurship
   470. Intro To Determination of Prices
   471. Introduction Essential Elements
   472. Introduction To Company Accounts Calls In Advance
   473. Introduction To Company Accounts Calls In Arrears
   474. Introduction To Cyberspace
   475. Introduction To Macroeconomics
   476. Introduction To Negotiable Instruments
   477. Introduction To Organisation and Its Importance
   478. Introduction To Partnership Accounting
   479. Introduction To Subsidiary Books
   480. Introduction and Characteristics of Management
   481. Introduction to Business Economics
   482. Introduction to LPG
   483. Inventories
   484. Inventory Valuation
   485. Investigation Vs Auditing
   486. Investment
   487. Issue and Redemption of Debentures
   488. Issue of Debentures
   489. Issue of Preference Shares
   490. Issue of Shares
   491. Issuing Debentures as Collateral Security
   492. Joint Hindu Family Business in India
   493. Joint Stock Company
   494. Joint Venture
   495. Joint Venture Accounting With Separate Books
   496. Joint Venture Accounting with No Separate Books are maintained
   497. Joint Ventures
   498. Joint Ventures And Wholly Owned Subsidiaries
   499. Journal Entry For Bills Of Exchange
   500. Journal Functions and Advantages
   501. Journal Proper and Balancing The Accounts
   502. Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation
   503. Kinds Of Cash Books
   504. Kinds of Reports
   505. Kinds of Social Responsibility
   506. Kinked Demand Curve
   507. Know the Difference Between Organised and Unorganised Sector
   508. Knowledge Process Outsourcing KPO
   509. Labelling
   510. Land Reforms
   511. Law Of Variable Proportions
   512. Law of Demand
   513. Law of Variable Proportion and Law of Diminishing Marginal Product
   514. Leadership
   515. Leadership And Management Leadership Continuum
   516. Ledger Accounts
   517. Ledger Posting
   518. Legal Consequences of Admission or Retirement of a Partner
   519. Legal Protection to Consumers
   520. Legal Rules Regarding Consideration
   521. Legality of Object and Consideration
   522. Levels and Functions of Management
   523. Levels of Management
   524. Leverage Ratio – Calculation, Types and Formulas
   525. Liabilities on the Balance Sheet
   526. Liberalisation
   527. Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization
   528. Life Insurance Corporation Of India LIC
   529. Likerts System Of Management
   530. Limitations Of Accounting
   531. Limitations of Financial Statements
   532. Limited Liabilities Partnership Act
   533. Limited Liability Partnership LlP
   534. Limited Liability Partnerships LLP
   535. Liquid Assets
   536. Liquidated Damages and Penalty
   537. Liquidity Ratios
   538. Long Run Average Cost Curve
   539. Long Run Cost Curves
   540. Long Run Equilibrium of Competitive Firm and Industry
   541. Losses on Consignment Accounting
   542. M-Commerce
   543. Macro Environment
   544. Macroeconomics Concepts
   545. Managed Floating
   546. Management Accounting
   547. Management as A Profession
   548. Management as An Art
   549. Management as an Art, Science and Profession
   550. Managerial Functions of Human Resource Management
   551. Managerial Roles
   552. Manufacturing Account
   553. Marginal Cost Formula – Explanation, Long Run and Short Run Marginal Costs
   554. Marginal Utility Analysis
   555. Market Assessment
   556. Market Demand
   557. Market Equilibrium
   558. Market Equilibrium – Free Entry and Exit
   559. Market Meaning And Classification
   560. Market Price Factor Cost Basic Price
   561. Marketing Concept
   562. Marketing Functions – Competitive Standard and Business Strategy
   563. Marketing Management Philosophies
   564. Marketing Mix
   565. Marketing Promotion
   566. Mean, Median and Mode
   567. Meaning And Calculation Of Average Due Date
   568. Meaning And Causes Of Conflicts
   569. Meaning And Causes Of Inflation
   570. Meaning And Classification Of Inventory
   571. Meaning And Definitions Of Group Dynamics
   572. Meaning And Qualities Of A Good Precis
   573. Meaning And Scope Of Accounting
   574. Meaning Nature and Significance of Business Finance
   575. Meaning Of An Underdeveloped Economy
   576. Meaning Of Consignment And Distinction With Sale
   577. Meaning Of Joint Ventures And Their Features
   578. Meaning and Concept Social Entrepreneurship
   579. Meaning and Definitions of Audit
   580. Meaning and Determinants of Demand
   581. Meaning and Ethical Principles In Business
   582. Meaning and Features of Bills of Exchange
   583. Meaning and Importance of Business Correspondence
   584. Meaning and Nature of Small Business
   585. Meaning of Business Finance
   586. Meaning of Cost Costing and Cost Accounting
   587. Measurement of Price Elasticity
   588. Measures of Central Tendency – Median
   589. Mechanics of Linear Note Making
   590. Memorandum
   591. Memorandum Joint Venture
   592. Memorandum of Association
   593. Memos
   594. Mercantile Law
   595. Merits and Demerits of Accounting
   596. Methods Of Costing
   597. Methods of Demand Forecasting
   598. Methods of Depreciation
   599. Methods of Measuring National Income
   600. Methods of Training
   601. Micro Enterprise
   602. Micro Environment
   603. Mistake Of Law And Mistake Of Fact
   604. Mixed Economy
   605. Modern Approach Of Classification
   606. Modern Control Techniques
   607. Modern Methods of Performance Appraisal
   608. Modern Organization Theory Systems Theory
   609. Modern Organizational Theories Contingency Theory
   610. Modern Techniques For Non Programmed Decisions
   611. Money Market
   612. Money Multiplier – Explanation, Formula, Examples and FAQs
   613. Money and Banking
   614. Money and Credit
   615. Monopolistic Competition
   616. Monopoly Firm Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
   617. Monopoly Market
   618. Movement Along The Demand Curve And Shift of The Demand Curve
   619. Movement Along a Curve vs Shift of A Curve
   620. Multinational Corporations MNC
   621. National Income
   622. National Income Accounting
   623. National Income Concept Of Consumption Saving And Investment
   624. Nature Of Business
   625. Nature and Classification of Human Wants
   626. Nature and Significance of Management
   627. Nature of Business Economics
   628. Need For Entrepreneurship
   629. Negotiable Instruments Act Definition of Negotiable Instruments
   630. Negotiable Instruments Act Hundi
   631. Negotiable Instruments Presentment for Acceptance
   632. Neo Classic Organization Theory
   633. Network Marketing
   634. Network in Communication
   635. Non Current Assets
   636. Non-Current Liabilities
   637. Non-Monetary Exchanges
   638. Normal And Abnormal Loss
   639. Not-for-Profit Organizations
   640. Note Making
   641. Note Making Style
   642. Objectives And Limitations Of Trial Balance
   643. Objectives Of Business
   644. Objectives and Functions of Accounting
   645. Objectives and Importance of Management
   646. Objectives of Cost Accounting
   647. Objectives of Financial Management
   648. Objectives of Government Budget
   649. Occupational Structure
   650. Official Communication
   651. Oligopoly
   652. One Person Company
   653. Online Transactions or E- Transaction
   654. Open Economy Macroeconomics
   655. Open Economy Macroeconomics and Exchange Rate
   656. Opening Entry
   657. Operative Functions of HR Manager
   658. Organic Farming
   659. Organisation of Data
   660. Organization Structure
   661. Other Forms of Audit
   662. Outsourcing
   663. Outstanding Expenses
   664. Oversubscription of Shares – Introduction, Examples, Benefits and Disadvantages
   665. Packaging
   666. Partnership
   667. Partnership Deed
   668. Parts of Business Later
   669. Passing of Property Part 1
   670. Passing of Property Part 2
   671. Passing of Risk
   672. Past Adjustment
   673. People as Resource
   674. Performance Appraisal
   675. Performance of Contract of Sale
   676. Performance of Reciprocal Promise
   677. Perpetual Inventory Recording System
   678. Personal Selling – Concept, Importance, Advantages and Limitations
   679. Petty Cash Book
   680. Phillips Curve – Relevance, Functional Specifications and FAQs
   681. Phrases Clauses Sentences
   682. Place and Place Mix
   683. Planning
   684. Planning Premises
   685. Planning Process
   686. Pointers Letter Format
   687. Porters Approach to Industry Analysis
   688. Positive and Normative Economics
   689. Poverty
   690. Poverty alleviation Policies and Programs
   691. Power – Meaning and Challenges
   692. Precautions to be Taken Before Using Secondary Data
   693. Precis Writing Procedure
   694. Preferences of The Consumer
   695. Prefix and Sufix
   696. Prepaid Expenses, Accrued Income and Income Received in Advance
   697. Preparation of BRS
   698. Preparation of Final Accounts of Sole Proprietor
   699. Preparation of Trading Account
   700. Prerequisites Of Effective Planning
   701. Presentation of Data
   702. Price And Output Determination Under Oligopoly
   703. Price Determination Under Perfect Competition
   704. Price Discrimination
   705. Price Elasticity of Demand
   706. Price Elasticity of Supply
   707. Pricing
   708. Pricing Perfect Competition
   709. Pricing Strategies
   710. Principle Aspects Covered by Auditing
   711. Principle Sources Indian Law Statute Legislation
   712. Principle Sources of Indian Law Customs
   713. Principles Of Commercial Bank
   714. Principles Of Control
   715. Principles Of Coordination
   716. Principles and Barriers of Delegation
   717. Principles in Decision Making
   718. Principles of Business Communication
   719. Principles of Innovation
   720. Private, Public and Global Enterprises
   721. Privatisation
   722. Producers Equilibrium
   723. Product
   724. Product Mix
   725. Production
   726. Production Possibility Curve
   727. Production and Costs
   728. Profit & Loss Account and Balance Sheet
   729. Profit Maximisation
   730. Profit Or Loss On Disposal Of Asset
   731. Profit Sharing Ratio
   732. Profitability Ratios – Types, Importance and Usesful Metrics
   733. Promissory Note
   734. Promotion
   735. Promotion Of A Company
   736. Proper Email Correspondence
   737. Proposal or Offer
   738. Provision Meaning and Examples
   739. Public Enterprises And Their Structures
   740. Public Private Partnership Model
   741. Purchase Book And Purchase Return Book
   742. Purchase Day Book
   743. Qualities of HR Manager
   744. Quantitative Techniques Of Decision Making
   745. Quantity Theory Of Money
   746. Quasi Contracts
   747. Quasi Equity Debt Social Impact Bonds
   748. Ratio Analysis
   749. Real GDP and Nominal GDP
   750. Receipt and Payment Account
   751. Recent Trends in Management
   752. Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm
   753. Recording Transactions
   754. Redemption of Debentures
   755. Registration and Incorporation of A Company
   756. Relation of Partners to One Another
   757. Relation of Partners to Third Parties
   758. Relative Measures of Dispersion and Lorenz Curve
   759. Remedies for Breach of Contract
   760. Renewal Of Bill
   761. Reserves
   762. Reserves – Meaning, Types & Benefits
   763. Resistance to Change
   764. Responsibility Accounting
   765. Responsibility Center
   766. Resume Writing
   767. Retail Trade
   768. Retirement of Bills of Exchange
   769. Return on Investment
   770. Revenue Account and Capital Account
   771. Revenue Deficit – Differences, Calculations, Formula and Disadvantages
   772. Reverse Repo Rate – Description and Various Fields in Banking
   773. Rights Available to Parties
   774. Rights and Duties of Agents
   775. Rights of An Outgoing Partner
   776. Rights of Pawnee And Pawnor
   777. Rights of Unpaid Seller Against Buyer
   778. Rights of Unpaid Seller Against Goods
   779. Risk Management
   780. Role Of Financial Institution Asian Development Bank
   781. Role Of Indian Chambers Of Commerce And Industry In Promotion Of Internal Trade
   782. Role of Entrepreneurs with Relation to Enterprise
   783. Role of Personnel Manager
   784. Roles of Small Businesses in India and Problems of Small Businesses
   785. Royalty Accounts
   786. Royalty And Related Terminologies
   787. Rural Credit
   788. Rural Development in India
   789. SAP Business One
   790. SFC State Financial Corporation
   791. Sacrificing Ratio
   792. Sale of Goods Act 1930 Important Terms
   793. Sales Book And Sales Return Book
   794. Sales Day Book
   795. Sales Promotion and Publicity
   796. Sampling Error and The NSSO
   797. Sarge Scale Industries
   798. Scales of Business
   799. Scatter Diagram
   800. Scope and Functions of Cost Accounting
   801. Scope of Business Economics
   802. Scope of Financial Management
   803. Secondary Sources of Indian Law
   804. Sectors of Indian Economy
   805. Selection Process
   806. Setu Scheme
   807. Shapes of Total Product Average Product and Marginal Product
   808. Shares and Debentures – Explanation, Differences and FAQs
   809. Shifts in Demand and Supply
   810. Short Run Average Costs
   811. Short run Production Costs
   812. Simple Economy
   813. Skills of An Effective Manager
   814. Small Scale Industries
   815. Social Responsibility
   816. Socialist Economy
   817. Sole Proprietorship
   818. Solvency Ratios – Types, Differences, Examples and Limitations
   819. Some Macroeconomic Identities
   820. Sources of Business Finance
   821. Sources of Data
   822. Sources of Financing Business
   823. Sources of Secondary Data
   824. Spelling and Pronunciation
   825. Staffing
   826. Staffing Process
   827. Staffing in HRM and Its Revolution
   828. Stages Of Group Formation
   829. Standard Deviation
   830. Startup India Scheme
   831. State of Human Capital In India
   832. States Industrial Development Corporation SIDC
   833. Statistics in Economics
   834. Statutory Audit
   835. Statutory Bodies and Corporations
   836. Steps Comprehend Summarize Text
   837. Steps In Incorporation of A Company
   838. Steps To Locate Errors In Trial Balance
   839. Steps for Writing
   840. Steps of Article Writing
   841. Stock Exchange
   842. Straight Line Method
   843. Straight Line and Written Down Method
   844. Strategies For Conflict Management In The Workplace
   845. Sub Fields Of Accounting
   846. Subdivision of Journal
   847. Subsidiary Books
   848. Suit for Damages
   849. Supply Curve
   850. Supply Function
   851. Supply of Money
   852. Suspense Account – Importance, Examples, Benefits and Uses
   853. Sustainable Development
   854. Sustainable Development And Organic Farming
   855. Swot Analysis
   856. Tabular Presentation of Data
   857. Tabulation
   858. Tasks and Responsibilities of Professional Managers
   859. Taxation – Explanation, Canons, Purpose and FAQs
   860. Taylor Principles of Scientific Management
   861. Taylor Principles of Scientific Management
   862. Techniques of Costing
   863. Techniques of Managerial Control
   864. Techniques of Scientific Management
   865. Telephone Etiquette
   866. Tender Processes & Notices
   867. Terms of Consignment
   868. Textual and Tabular Presentation of Data
   869. The Concept Of Power
   870. The Doctrine of Indoor Management
   871. The Doctrine of Privity of Contract
   872. The Foreign Exchange Market – Definition, Types, Functions, Features, and FAQs
   873. The Indian Partnership Act 1932
   874. The Law of Diminishing Returns
   875. The Sale of Goods Act 1930
   876. The Sale of Goods Act 1930 Sales and Agreement of Sale
   877. The Shutdown Point
   878. The Story of Village Palampur
   879. The Theory of Firm Under Perfect Competition and Revenue
   880. Theoretical Framework of Accounting
   881. Theoretical Framework of Accounting-Role of Accountant
   882. Theory of Cost
   883. Theory of Demand
   884. Theory of Supply
   885. Time and Place of Performance of Contract
   886. Tips And Conventions With Sample Reports
   887. Tools of Auditing
   888. Tools of Auditing Working Papers
   889. Total Product Average Product and Marginal Product
   890. Total Quality Management
   891. Trading and Profit and Loss Account
   892. Traditional Approach
   893. Traditional Types of Control Techniques
   894. Training and Development
   895. Traits and Characteristics of An Entrepreneur
   896. Transfer Entries
   897. Transfer of Title
   898. Transport System And Economic Development
   899. Treatment of Reserves
   900. Trial Balance
   901. Trial Balance Format
   902. True Test of Partnership
   903. Types Of Decisions
   904. Types Of Plans Single Use And Standing Plans
   905. Types of Audit
   906. Types of Banking
   907. Types of Bills of Exchange
   908. Types of Capital Market
   909. Types of Cheque Crossing
   910. Types of Communication
   911. Types of Companies
   912. Types of Contract Based on Formation
   913. Types of Contracts Based on Performance
   914. Types of Contracts Based on Validity
   915. Types of Coordination
   916. Types of Debentures
   917. Types of Economy
   918. Types of Errors
   919. Types of Expenditure
   920. Types of Formal Letters
   921. Types of Intermediaries
   922. Types of Market Structures
   923. Types of Partners
   924. Types of Plan
   925. Types of Public Sector and Private Sector Companies
   926. Types of Ratio
   927. Types of Rectification of Errors
   928. Types of Retailing Trade
   929. Types of Sampling Methods
   930. Types of Share Capital
   931. Types of Shares
   932. UTI Unit Trust Of India
   933. Under and Over Subscription
   934. Understanding Case Citation
   935. Unemployment and Employment Generation
   936. Uniform Charge Method
   937. Units Of Production Method
   938. Use of Statistical Tools
   939. Utility Meaning, Types & Measures
   940. Valuation of Goodwill
   941. Value Added Method or Product Method
   942. Variable Cost
   943. Various Forms of Business Organisations
   944. Visual Communication
   945. Vocabulary and Types of Vocabulary
   946. WTO – World Trade Organisation – History, Objectives, Features, Roles and Functions
   947. What Is Financial Institution GIC
   948. What Is Opportunity Cost
   949. What are Subsidiary Books
   950. What is Entrepreneurship?
   951. Who Performs The Contract
   952. Workers and Employment
   953. Working Capital – Explanation, Types, Components and Examples
   954. Written Communication
   955. life Insurance Fire Insurance and Marine Insurance
   956. open market operations

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